Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

C HAPTER P REVIEW Sex and Gender Gender Development Gender Differences Sexual Orientation Sexual Behaviors and Practices Sexual Variations and Disorders Health and Wellness Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 11-2

D EFINING S EX Properties that Determine Sex as Male or Female – 23rd pair of chromosomes: XY or XX – gonads (ovaries, testes) – gonadal hormones: estrogens or androgens – internal reproductive structures – external genitalia – secondary sex characteristics (at puberty) Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 11-3

D EFINING G ENDER Social and Psychological Aspects of Being Female or Male Gender Identity masculinity (instrumentality) femininity (expressiveness) androgyny (both) Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 11-4

S EXUAL D EVELOPMENT Embryonic Development of Gonads and Genitalia – SRY gene  testes  androgens  male physiology – female is “default” condition Gender Differences in Regards to the Brain – size of brain parts – function of brain parts – corresponding cognitive function – which part of brain involved in particular behaviors Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 11-5

S EXUAL D EVELOPMENT Disorders of Sexual Development – congenitally atypical chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical development – questions of relation of DSD to gender development Transgender Experience – Gender Identity Disorder not considered a disorder in France or Great Britain gender dysphoria sex reassignment surgery Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 11-6

G ENDER D EVELOPMENT Biological Accounts – behavioral difference in newborns and infants Evolutionary Accounts – selection pressures for gendered behaviors competition for mate (usually by male) preferences/choice for quality mate (usually by female) reproductive challenges: quality v. quantity Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 11-7

G ENDER D EVELOPMENT Social Cognitive Accounts – experience influences sense of gender – socialization (rewards, punishments, modeling) – gender schema (mental framework) Social Role Theory – division of labor natural differences become expected/valued differences gender roles and gender stereotypes Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 11-8

G ENDER D IFFERENCES Who are more ___________? For each adjective on the next slide, answer as quickly as you can with either “men” or “women”. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 11-9

G ENDER D IFFERENCES Who are more... assertive rational emotional aggressive strong sexually adventurous creative reserved verbal active Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education

G ENDER D IFFERENCES Cognitive Differences – math and science? – verbal performance (female advantage) – visuospatial ability (male advantage) – general intelligence (no advantage) Differences due to: – social expectations and support vs. evolved roles – gender similarities hypothesis Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education

G ENDER D IFFERENCES Differences in Aggression – overt aggression (physical/verbal harm) males more than females – relational aggression (harm social standing) females more than males – why the difference? testosterone? evolutionary pressures? socialization? Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education

G ENDER D IFFERENCES Differences in Sexuality – females more selective in regards to casual sex – males more often aroused, stronger sex drive, less fidelity – women more likely to engage in bisexuality or be aroused by bisexual stimuli Explanations – biological - genetic/hormonal differences – evolutionary - sexual selection – social cognitive - learned behavior – social role - culturally constructed Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education

S EXUAL O RIENTATION Direction of erotic interests; refers to more than just sexual behavior. Orientations: – heterosexual (90% of population) – homosexual – bisexual Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education

S EXUAL O RIENTATION Orientation is not influenced by: – being reared by a gay parent – parenting style – childhood sexual experimentation Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education

O RIGINS OF S EXUAL O RIENTATION Thinking Critically about Sexual Orientation – probably not a single cause – within-group variation – research challenges such as recruitment – meaning of cross-sex similarities – consideration of more than just homosexuality Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education

S EXUAL O RIENTATION Orientation is influenced by: genetics corpus callosum thickness and hemispheric symmetry prenatal hormones social factors (gender non-conforming behavior) Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education

G AY AND L ESBIAN F UNCTIONING Similarities to Heterosexual Population – attitudes, psychological adjustment Difference from Heterosexual Population – hobbies, activities, occupations Coping with Prejudice and Discrimination – coming out Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education

G AY AND L ESBIAN F UNCTIONING Relationships – report greater satisfaction than heterosexuals – more likely to end relationships than heterosexuals Families – less likely to have children – children of gay couples have not shown differences from other children Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education

S EXUAL B EHAVIOR What Constitutes Sexual Behavior? – infidelity or loss of virginity – activities involved in reproduction – arousal and sexual response – unusually intimate and personal activity as defined by the participants Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education

S EXUAL B EHAVIOR Kinsey’s (1948) research Are most people promiscuous or faithful? Does marriage decrease sexual activity? What percentage of the population are virgins? How often do we have sex (on average)? Who masturbates the most? Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education

S EXUAL R ESPONSE P ATTERN 1. Excitement 2. Plateau 3. Orgasm 4. Resolution/Male Refractory Period Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education

S EXUAL C OGNITION Cognitive Factors in Sexual Behavior – self-monitoring and self-regulation – fantasy and imagery – sexual scripts Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education

I NFLUENCES ON S EXUALITY Influence of Culture – Inis Beag – Mangaia Sex Education – abstinence-only v. comprehensive Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education

S EXUAL V ARIATIONS & D ISORDERS Fetishes Paraphilias Pedophilia Disorders of Sexual Desire/Response – female dysfunction in arousal – erectile dysfunction, premature ejaculation Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education

H EALTH AND W ELLNESS Sexually Transmitted Infections – bacterial: gonorrhea, syphilis – viruses: genital herpes, HIV Safe Sex – abstinence 100% effective – risk reduction with condom use Psychological Well-Being – sexual activity is predictor of satisfaction in relationships Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education

C HAPTER R EVIEW Define sex and gender. Define and explain the theories of gender development. Discuss the psychology of gender differences.. Describe different sexual orientations. Identify different sexual behaviors and practices. Identify sexual variations and disorders. Summarize how sexuality relates to personal health. and wellness. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education