Chapter-II Evolution of States in India a) Integration of Princely states b) Demand for re-distribution c) Constitution and formation of states State Before Independence: 18 th Century is the beginning of states, Mogul Rule Successor of Aurangzeb Bahudhur Shah zafar being weak- These peripheral states became Independent British – Assumed power-through varied policy. No uniform policy for the State a) Ring-fence policy: Creation of Buffer states But Military British controlled Here attempt was to protect British empire without autonomy to states. b) Policy to subordinate Alliance: Replaced Ring fence Policy (Hastings) - States had internal sovereignty - But externally subjected to British control - By 1813 most states were like this c) Policy of Annexation: Interventionist Policy (Auckland and Dalhousie) d) Policy after British Recognized states, their status and prerogatives (1857 Queens Proclamation) Between 1858 and 1906, British were para mount and their importance had grown It was only in 1919 Reforms Act that princely states were paid tribute by British

Subsequently ;Sir Harcourt, Sydney peel and Holds worth members of Butter committee 1929 and Government of India (State and Empire relations) called for consultation and cooperation Act Gave adequate strength to the state. British States were given representation and princes to nominate. Federal upper chambers were established for this In 1943-Attachment schemes were brought to unite small states with Big ones; Gujarat and Kathewar etc Then it was cabinet mission that played an important role (Problems there of) States in Independent India Established a ‘State Department’ because of Nehru to deal with the states Sardar Patel, Abdur Rab Nishtan, Patel called for a true federation with ‘Autonomous states with conceding power in Defence, External Affairs etc., There came instruments of Accession –which was uneven, but needed to be pragmatic. Integration was not smooth, Jhnagadh Hydrabad, Kashmir Had Problems. Sardar did it well because some of the smaller states could do little about it- like 24 states in Orissa and central province that was merged with Orissa state. In Deccan there was no problem except Kolhapur Gujarat small states merged with Bombay

In all 216 States merged with former British Indian province and became part ‘A’ State 275 big princely or Small princely states become part ‘B’ 61 peltry states backward became part ‘C’ state or chief Commissioner province Islands of Andaman and Nicobar became part ‘D’ States. ‘A’ : Assam, Bihar, Bombay, Madhya Pradesh, Madras, Orissa, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and Andhra. ‘B’: Hydrabad, Jammu and Kashmir, Madhya Bharat, Mysore, PEPSU (Patiala and East Punjab States Rajasthan, Saurashtra, Travancore Cochin. C’ : Ajmeer, Bilaspur, Bhoopal, Coorg, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Kutch, Manipur, Tripura, Vindhya Pradesh ‘D’ Andaman NICO bar Re-distribution Demand: This was Justified on the following reasoning; a) Haphazard Growth within/outside b) Disparity between states c) Multi lingual status ‘

Dhar Commission : 1948 : Argued for Adminstrative Convenience as a basis for Re-organisation and not linguistic reasoning JVP Commission : Nehru, Patel, and Pattabhi Seetaram (Congress Committee) Was also against linguistic basis, but was open minded (Congress accepted this later) Telagu People raised it first Potti Sri Ramulu-took 56 days of Hunger strike and died in1953 in Andhra. Then Comes State Reorganization Commission (SRC) 1953 Fazal Ali-Chairman, Pannikar and Kanzru as its members Equal Status to all states (Abolish Raj Pramukh) Rejection of Demand for Punjabi Suba Haryana, Jharkand, Madhya Pradesh, Bombay- became bi-lingual 16 states and Centrally Administered Territories (Not 22 as under constitution) (Delhi, Manipur and Andman Nicobar) (Assam, Andhra, Bengal, Bihar, Bombay, Hydrabad, Jammu and Kashimir (Mysore) Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Madras, Orissa, Punjab (including Himachal Pradesh) Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Vidharbha

In 1956-SRC was passed Recommendation accepted This in fact began the New era for Indian States. Modifications were added – 14 States and 6 Union Territories (now this also has changed) Delhi, Andaman, Himachal Pradesh, Manipur and Tripura, became Union territories. Provision for Merger creation were made and 5 zones were established Western, Southern, North, Central, Eastern, Local Council –Union minister (Presidents’ Appointee) CM of each State in the Zone Two Ministers of these States Nominated by the Governor, one member from Union Territory (President Nominee) A person from planning Commission Chief Secretaries Development Commission