Ch. 14 – Ch. 14 – Sentence Basics Sentence Basics © CENGAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Opening Activity Identify the subjects in the following sentences. 1.Nomi walked to Addison Hall to purchase her textbooks. 2.Why do office workers get drowsy during long meetings? 3.Whoever has had a cat for more than a few months probably knows how to properly administer his or her cat’s medication. © CENGAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Answers Identify the subjects in the following sentences. 1.Nomi walked to Addison Hall to purchase her textbooks. 2.Why do office workers get drowsy during long meetings? 3.Whoever has had a cat for more than a few months probably knows how to properly administer his or her cat’s medication. © CENGAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Learning Outcomes By the time you finish reading and studying this chapter, you should be able to: Recognize and correctly use ◦LO1 Subjects and Predicates (Verbs) ◦LO2 Special Types of Subjects ◦LO3 Special Types of Predicates ◦L04 Adjectives ◦L05 Adverbs ◦L06 Prepositional Phrases ◦L07 Clauses © CENGAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Subjects and Predicates (Verbs) Subject – tells what the sentence is about Simple subject – the subject without any modifiers The black and white spotted Bulldog ran to the park. Complete subject – subject with modifiers The black and white spotted Bulldog ran to the park. Implied subject – when the subject “you” is implied (You) Stop chasing the Bulldog. © CENGAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Subjects and Predicates (Verbs) Verb (predicate) – tells what the subject does or is in the sentence Simple predicate – the verb and any helping verbs without any modifiers or objects The black and white spotted Bulldog ran to the park. Complete predicate – the verb with modifiers and objects The black and white spotted Bulldog ran to the park. © CENGAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Subjects and Predicates (Verbs) Inverted order – in questions and sentences that begin with here or there, the subject comes after the predicate Why are you chasing the robot? Here comes the robot! I’m not chasing him; he’s chasing me! © CENGAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Special Types of Subjects Compound subjects – two or more subjects connected by and or or The green race car and red race car sped by in a matter of seconds. Infinitives (“To” words) as subjects – an infinitive is a verbal form that begins with to and may be followed by objects or modifiers, and can function as a subject To score an A on my math exam would make my mother very happy. © CENGAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Special Types of Subjects Gerunds (“Ing” words) as subjects – a gerund is a verb form that ends in ing and may be followed by objects or modifiers, and can function as a subject Turning left on Main Street is the only way to get to the city library. Noun clause as subject – a noun clause can function as a subject. The clause itself has a subject and verb but cannot stand alone as a sentence. Noun clauses are introduced by words like what, that, when why, how, whatever, or whichever. Whoever needs a ride home from the mall should wait outside of the food court. © CENGAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Special Types of Predicates (Verbs) Compound predicates – consist of two or more predicates joined by and or or Julio ran and biked for 45 minutes after school. Predicates with direct objects – A direct object follows a transitive verb and tells what or who receives the action of the verb Deseree wrote in her journal. © CENGAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Special Types of Predicates (Verbs) Predicates with indirect objects – an indirect object comes between a transitive verb and a direct object and tells to whom or for whom an action was done I told Mike a secret. Passive predicates –the subject of the sentence is being acted upon rather than acting. Often, the actor is the object of the preposition in a phrase that starts with by. To make the sentence active, rewrite it, turning the object of the preposition into the subject. Mr. Jones was given the book by Simone. (passive) Simone gave the book to Mr. Jones. (active) © CENGAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Adjectives Adjectives – words that modify nouns. Adjectives answer these basic questions: which, what kind of, how many, or how much. Reflective mirror Cold mirror Cracked mirror Adjective phrases and clauses - phrases and clauses can also act as adjectives to modify nouns The mirror that was a gift from a friend is in my room. © CENGAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Adverbs Adverbs – words that modify a verb. Adverbs answer these basic questions: how, when, where, why, how long, and how often. The college students cheered excitedly when they received their midterm grades back. Adverb phrases and clauses – phrases and clauses can also act as adverbs to modify verbs. The college students cheered for five minutes when they received their midterm grades back. © CENGAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Prepositional Phrases Prepositional phrases – preposition followed by an object (a noun or pronoun) and any modifiers. Against all odds, the university’s football team won the state championship. Common prepositions: © CENGAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Clauses Clause – group of words with a subject and a predicate. Independent clause – clause which has a subject and a predicate and expresses a complete thought Rajiv plans to attend Carnegie Mellon University. Dependent clause – clause which has a subject and a predicate but doesn’t express a complete thought. If John and Gale eat out every night, they won’t be able to save enough money for a house. © CENGAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Closing Activity The following sentences are dependent clauses. Turn these sentences into independent clauses by completing the sentences and expressing a complete thought. 1. In order to survive the drought, ____________________ _________________________________________________. 2. Because Matt went to college______________________ _________________________________________________. 3. When our school had a power outage, ______________ _________________________________________________. © CENGAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Answers The following sentences are dependent clauses. Turn these sentences into independent clauses by completing the sentences and expressing a complete thought. 1. In order to survive the drought, Lee began conserving the water supply on the farm. 2. Because Matt went to college he could become a doctor. 3. When our school had a power outage, classes were cancelled. © CENGAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.