Girding for War: The North and the South

Lincoln’s Inauguration: March 4, 1861 Lincoln’s address: Lincoln’s address: No conflict unless provoked No conflict unless provoked Restoration of the union Restoration of the union National debt? National debt? Territories? Territories? Monroe Doctrine? Monroe Doctrine?

Ft. Sumter: April 12, 1861 Ft. Sumter still held by North Ft. Sumter still held by North Low on supplies Low on supplies Lincoln tried to send provisions Lincoln tried to send provisions Southern cannons Southern cannons began to fire Fort surrenders Fort surrenders after 34 hours

The War is On! Ft Sumter inflamed Northerners Ft Sumter inflamed Northerners Lincoln calls for 75,000 volunteers Lincoln calls for 75,000 volunteers Many turned away Many turned away Naval blockade Naval blockade More Southern states More Southern statesleave Virginia Virginia Arkansas Arkansas Tennessee Tennessee North Carolina North Carolina Capital: Richmond, VA Capital: Richmond, VA

The Border States Border States: Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland Border States: Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland On the North-South border On the North-South border Were slave-states Were slave-states May end up succeeding May end up succeeding Crucial for both sides Crucial for both sides Would have doubled the manufacturing capacity of the South Would have doubled the manufacturing capacity of the South Huge supply of horses & mules Huge supply of horses & mules

Union & Confederacy: 1861

The Border States Lincoln needed the border states badly: Lincoln needed the border states badly: Moral persuasion Moral persuasion Lincoln said the war was to save the Union, not free the slaves Lincoln said the war was to save the Union, not free the slaves Methods of dubious legality Methods of dubious legality Maryland, he declared martial law Maryland, he declared martial law Sent troops to western Virginia and Missouri Sent troops to western Virginia and Missouri Suspended habeas corpus Suspended habeas corpus

The Native’s Stance Most of the Five Civilized Tribes sided with the South Most of the Five Civilized Tribes sided with the South Supplied troops Supplied troops Most of the Plains Indians were pro- North Most of the Plains Indians were pro- North

Brother vs. Brother War often fought between families War often fought between families Sen. Crittenden Sen. Crittenden Lincoln Lincoln Mountain men of west Virginia sent 50,000 to the Union Mountain men of west Virginia sent 50,000 to the Union

Southern Advantages Interior Lines Interior Lines Did not have to win Did not have to win Most talented officers Most talented officers Robert E. Lee Robert E. Lee Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson Southerners experienced gunmen Southerners experienced gunmen More military schools than North More military schools than North

Northern Advantages More factories & manufacturing plants More factories & manufacturing plants More food More food Stronger economy Stronger economy Larger population Larger population 22 mil to 9 mil 22 mil to 9 mil More railroad lines More railroad lines Controlled the sea Controlled the sea

Rating the North & the South

Railroad Lines in 1860

Resources: North vs. South

Soldiers: North & South

Dethroning King Cotton South believed need for cotton would draw England & others into the war South believed need for cotton would draw England & others into the war England & France had huge surpluses England & France had huge surpluses North sent confiscated cotton & food North sent confiscated cotton & food India & Egypt increased their production India & Egypt increased their production King Wheat and King Corn King Wheat and King Corn

Would Europe Intervene? The South hoped for foreign intervention The South hoped for foreign intervention A split Union advantageous to Europe A split Union advantageous to Europe But their people were pro-North & anti-slavery But their people were pro-North & anti-slavery Uncle Tom’s Cabin Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Union captures a British steamer, the Trent, bound for Europe Union captures a British steamer, the Trent, bound for Europe Two Confederate diplomats onboard captured Two Confederate diplomats onboard captured Britain threatened war Britain threatened war Prisoners released & tensions cooled Prisoners released & tensions cooled Lincoln: “One war at a time” Lincoln: “One war at a time”

Some British-built sea vessels went to the Confederacy Some British-built sea vessels went to the Confederacy C.S.S. Alabama disrupts the Union blockade C.S.S. Alabama disrupts the Union blockade

Britain also had two Laird rams Britain also had two Laird rams Warships that could destroy wooden Union ships and wreak havoc on the North Warships that could destroy wooden Union ships and wreak havoc on the North U.S. threatens war, and Britain backs down and uses the ships for its Royal Navy U.S. threatens war, and Britain backs down and uses the ships for its Royal Navy

Confederate agents near Canada plotted were trying to burn down American cities Confederate agents near Canada plotted were trying to burn down American cities Several mini-armies (mostly British-hating Irish-Americans) sent to Canada Several mini-armies (mostly British-hating Irish-Americans) sent to Canada

Napoleon III of France installed a puppet government in Mexico City Napoleon III of France installed a puppet government in Mexico City Austrian Archduke Maximilian – emperor of Mexico Austrian Archduke Maximilian – emperor of Mexico

National power was weak in the Confederacy National power was weak in the Confederacy South gave its states the ability to secede South gave its states the ability to secede Getting Southern states to send troops to help other states was difficult Getting Southern states to send troops to help other states was difficult

Jefferson Davis not very popular Jefferson Davis not very popular Overworked Overworked Lincoln benefited from an established government Lincoln benefited from an established government Patience & humor Patience & humor

Blockade Blockade Sent troops to Border States Sent troops to Border States Suspended habeas corpus Suspended habeas corpus $2 million to private citizens for war $2 million to private citizens for war Lincoln: Acts weren’t permanent, & had to preserve the Union Lincoln: Acts weren’t permanent, & had to preserve the Union Confederacy’s strong belief in states rights led its downfall Confederacy’s strong belief in states rights led its downfall Abe Breaks the Law

Congress passed a conscription law in 1862 Congress passed a conscription law in 1862 “Three-Hundred-Dollar men” “Three-Hundred-Dollar men” Many riots broke out Many riots broke out New York City New York City The Draft

90% of Union army were volunteers 90% of Union army were volunteers Bounties were later offered Bounties were later offered The South resorted to a draft a year before the North The South resorted to a draft a year before the North Large slave owners exempt Large slave owners exempt

The Morrill Tariff Act, increased rates by about 5 to 10% The Morrill Tariff Act, increased rates by about 5 to 10% War drove rates even higher War drove rates even higher Treasury issued greenback paper Treasury issued greenback paper Very unstable and sank to as low as 39 cents per gold dollar Very unstable and sank to as low as 39 cents per gold dollar Treasury also netted $2.6 billion in the sale of bonds Treasury also netted $2.6 billion in the sale of bonds Economic Stresses of War

Runaway Inflation in the South Inflation up to 9000% Inflation up to 9000% “Just” 80% in the North “Just” 80% in the North

The National Banking System The National Banking System established a standard bank-note currency The National Banking System established a standard bank-note currency Banks could buy government bonds & issue sound paper money Banks could buy government bonds & issue sound paper money First unified national banking network since 1836 First unified national banking network since 1836

The North became more prosperous after the Civil War The North became more prosperous after the Civil War New factories had been formed New factories had been formed Millionaire class Millionaire class Many suppliers used shoddy equipment Many suppliers used shoddy equipment The North Prospers

Standardized clothing sizes

Petroleum Oil 1859 – drills first oil well in Titusville, Pennsylvania 1859 – Edwin Drake drills first oil well in Titusville, Pennsylvania

McCormick’s Reaper fees Millions

Women in the War Women take the jobs left behind by men going off to battle Women take the jobs left behind by men going off to battle Others posed as men & became soldiers with their husbands Others posed as men & became soldiers with their husbands Clara Barton and Dorothea Dix helped transform nursing Clara Barton and Dorothea Dix helped transform nursing South, Sally Tompkins ran a Richmond infirmary for wounded Confederate soldiers and was awarded the rank of Captain by Jefferson Davis South, Sally Tompkins ran a Richmond infirmary for wounded Confederate soldiers and was awarded the rank of Captain by Jefferson Davis

The war ruined the South The war ruined the South Transportation collapsed Transportation collapsed Supplies became scarce Supplies became scarce 12% of national wealth (30% previously) 12% of national wealth (30% previously) Per capita income was 2/5 that of North Per capita income was 2/5 that of North 2/3 of North before the war 2/3 of North before the war A Crushed Cotton Kingdom MOTTO  “With God As Our Vindicator”

A Northern View of Jeff Davis

Overview of the North’s Civil War Strategy: “Anacond a” Plan Overview of the North’s Civil War Strategy: “Anacond a” Plan

Lincoln’s Generals Irwin McDowell Winfield Scott George McClellan, Again! McClellan George McClellan Ambrose Burnside Joseph Hooker George Meade Ulysses S. Grant

McClellan: I Can Do It All!

The Confederate Generals Jeb Stuart James Longstreet George Pickett “Stonewall” Jackson Nathan Bedford Forrest Robert E. Lee

Battle of Bull Run (1 st Manassas) July, 1861

The Battle of the Ironclads, March, 1862 The Monitor vs. the Merrimac

Damage on the Deck of the Monitor

Buy Your Way Out of Military Service

War in the East:

Battle of Antietam “Bloodiest Single Day of the War” 23,000 casualties September 17, 1862

Emancipation in 1863

The Emancipation Proclamation

The Southern View of Emancipation

African-American Recruiting Poster

The Famous 54 th Massachusetts

August Saint-Gaudens Memorial to Col. Robert Gould Shaw

African-Americans in Civil War Battles

Black Troops Freeing Slaves

Extensive Legislation Passed Without the South in Congress 1861 – Morrill Tariff Act 1862 – Homestead Act 1862 – Legal Tender Act 1862 – Morrill Land Grant Act 1862 – Emancipation Proclamation (1/1/1863) 1863 – Pacific Railway Act 1863 – National Bank Act 1861 – Morrill Tariff Act 1862 – Homestead Act 1862 – Legal Tender Act 1862 – Morrill Land Grant Act 1862 – Emancipation Proclamation (1/1/1863) 1863 – Pacific Railway Act 1863 – National Bank Act

The War in the West, 1863: Vicksburg Vicksburg

The Road to Gettysburg: 1863

Gettysburg Casualties

The North Initiates the Draft, 1863

Recruiting Irish Immigrants in NYC

Recruiting Blacks in NYC

NYC Draft Riots, (July 13-16, 1863)

A “Pogrom” Against Blacks

The Progress of War:

Sherman’ s “March to the Sea” through Georgia, 1864

1864 Election Pres. Lincoln (R) George McClellan (D)

The Peace Movement: Copperheads Clement Vallandigham

1864 Copperhead Campaign Poster

Cartoon Lampoons Democratic Copperheads in 1864

Presidenti al Election Results: 1864

The Final Virginia Campaign:

Surrender at Appomattox April 9, 1865

Casualties on Both Sides

Civil War Casualties in Comparison to Other Wars

Ford’s Theater (April 14, 1865)

The Assassin John Wilkes Booth

The Assassination

WANTED~~!!WANTED~~!!

Now He Belongs to the Ages!

The Execution