ALFREDO MARTINEZandCLAUDIA TORRES

Human Immunodeficiency Virus First human infection estimated around 1930 First known HIV case occurred in person who died in Congo, later confirmed to having HIV Most likely transmitted directly from chimps to humans and mutated

Destroys immune system by attacking T helper cells Attaches to T cells and injects its RNA into the cell and makes it replicate its genetic material T cell makes copies of virus and then releases them when it dies Cycle repeats Eventually WBC count drops, crippling the immune system

Fever Muscle soreness Rash Headache Mouth or genital ulcers Joint pain Swollen lymph nodes mainly in neck Diarrhea Weight loss Pneumonia Cold sores Fatigue

Public awareness and advanced medication sharply cut children born with HIV Have been far fewer cases of HIV-positive women transferring the virus to their newborns from 1992 to 2011 ( 900) False negativity is high in infants because the HIV antigen p24 is bound to the antibodies Negative results only reported if there is no evidence of HIV replication after 30 days Sensitivity to detection of HIV is 50% at birth and 90% at 3 months

Children CD4(helper T-cell) count should be in relation to appropriate count for age Parameters should be measured when in stable clinical conditions Risk of death is 2.1X greater if RNA is >100K copies/ mL

HIV-associated immunodeficiency Age related CD4 values < 11 months (%CD4+)12-35 months (%CD4+)36-59 months (%CD4+) > 5 years (absolute number per mm3 or (CD4+) None or not significant>35>30>25>500 Mild Advanced Severe<25<20<15<200 or <15%

>34M people live with HIV/AIDS 3.3M are <15 HIV/AIDS is 6 th leading cause of death in 25-44yr. olds, behind accidental injury, malignancy, suicide, heart disease and homicide ‘11, ~2.5M were infected with HIV 330K were <15 ~7K people contract HIV— ~300/hr ‘11, 1.7M died from AIDS 230K were <15 Since the beginning of the epidemic, >600M have contracted HIV and ~30M have died of HIV-related causes

N. America HIV/AIDS infection rate of 0.28%. ~1.5M/530M(528,721,000M) have HIV. From ‘01 to ‘09, rate of infection has gone up 125%. ~26K die each year from HIV/AIDS N. America. ~140K orphans in N. America because of HIV/AIDS. C. and S. America This region has 1.4M w/HIV/AIDS. ~83K new HIV/AIDS infections and 54K AIDS deaths in C. & S. America in ’11 W. and C. Europe In ‘11, 30K new cases, bringing the number w/HIV in W. and C. Europe to 900K. ~7K died of AIDS in ’11 E. Europe and C. Asia ~140K were infected w/HIV in ‘11, bringing number w/HIV/AIDS to 1.4M. HIV/AIDS claimed 92K in ‘11

N. Africa and the Mid East ~300K are living w/HIV and ~37K became infected in ‘11. ~23K adults and kids died of AIDS Sub-Saharan Africa > 2/3(69%) of all people w/HIV, 23.5M, live in sub-Saharan Africa +91% of world’s HIV-positive children. In ‘11, ~1.8M became infected; ~1.2M adults and children died of AIDS, 71% of AIDS deaths in ’11 Asia and the Pacific In Asia and the Pacific, <372K became infected in ‘11, bringing their total HIV/AIDS to <5M. AIDS claimed ~310K in the region in ‘11 Caribbean >13K became infected in Caribbean in ‘11, bringing total number w/HIV/AIDS there to >230K. AIDS claimed ~10K in ‘11

Four subtypes of HIV-1 Group M; has its own subtypes A, B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, *CRFs* = AG combo E & I unlisted intentionally D causes AIDS faster than A D kills and dies fastest Women C, D, or G are > likely than with B Group N Group O Group P HIV-2

Number one way is abstinence Use protection during sexual intercourse Know the status of your partners Get checked regularly Don’t share needles

Best way to treat HIV is to combine multiple anti-HIV drugs Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors Sustiva, Intelence, and Viramune Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors Ziagen, Truvada, and Combivir Protease inhibitors Reyataz, Prezista, Lexiva, and Norivr Entry/fusion inhibitors Fuzeon and Selzentry Integrase inhibitors Isentress

Nausea Vomiting Diarrhea Abnormal heartbeat Rash Weak bones Bone death

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