Chapter 7. The environmental pollution

The environmental pollution  Caused by various industrial activities, etc.  Type  Air pollution  Water pollution  Soil pollution

The effects of air pollution  Impact on health  Factors in health : Kind of pollutant, concentration, Terrain, weather conditions, etc.  Impact study has not achieved for concrete  It is difficult for human experimentation  Contaminants can have a complex interaction

The effects of air pollution  Impact on animal and plants  Damage from people  Damage to the animal's wealth  Digestive disorders  Breeding rate  Interference with breathing of plants

The effects of air pollution  Impact on wealth  Corrosion of metal and building materials  Damage to crops and clothing  Deterioration of soil  Color change  The factors of change : Corrosive, chemical changes, adsorption, removal  Meteorological factors : Temperature, humidity, airflow, and their combination

Smog  Compound between smoke and fog  Ozone is one of the main chemical in smog.  Lee day, Humid day

Quantity of solar radiation  Air pollution contributes to the insolation.  The solar radiation is reflected by Ash and pollutants.  After the volcanic eruption, this sharply has lower insolation.  Temperature variation occurs in the atmosphere at divergence and convergence section.

Inversion layer  Atmospheric temperature rise toward the higher-layer.

London Smog  A few thousand people died in this incident over December 5-9,  Depth of fog layer was around 100m.  Smoke concentrations averaged nearly five times normal, and sulfur dioxide averaged six times normal.

London Smog  This type of smog comes from coal smoke combining with the water vapor and liquid water in cool, humid or foggy air.  Requires humid/foggy, stagnant air.  It has lots of coal burning.  SO 2 + H 2 0 -> H 2 SO 4

London Smog  Temperature inversion - the lower the better  Humid foggy, stagnant air  Air will look sooty, dirty and foggy.

London Smog  Effects  Many people experienced breathing difficulty, at the commencement of the fog incident.  Rise in deaths paralleled the mean daily smoke and sulfur dioxide concentrations.  Death rate remained above average for several days after the incident.  Deaths blamed on synergistic effect of fine particulate and sulfur dioxide.

LA Smog  L.A. smog has been identified as coming from auto exhaust, primarily.  Requires clear, sunny skies (since L.A. photochemical smog requires sunlight for at one of the key chemical reactions).  NO x + ROG + sunlight --> O 3 + NO 2  ROG are Reactive Organic Gases from unburned gasoline.  NO x are oxides of nitrogen.

LA Smog  Temperature inversion - the lower the better  Hot sunny, stagnant weather  Air looks hazy, brownish in color, especially when you fly into LAX

Dust dome  Urban climate affected urban areas spread around the pollutant emissions from urban areas, rather than in a dome over the stagnant award.  Concentrative pollution make the Dust dome in air.  Diffusion depends on the wind.  The amount of solar reducing that is joined to the city.  Reduced visibility  Increases the city’s amount of precipitation

Acid rain  Acid rain is basically rain that has a higher than normal acid level (low pH).  How the level of pH?

Causes of Acid Rain  Burning coal. Oil and natural gas in power stations makes electricity, giving off sulphur dioxide gas.  Burning petrol and oil in vehicle engines gives off nitrogen oxides as gases.  These gases mix with water vapour and rainwater in the atmosphere producing weak solutions of sulphuric and nitric acids – which fall as acid rain.

How Acid Rain Affects The Environment  Acid rain is an extremely destructive form of pollution, and the environment suffers from its effects. Forests, trees, lakes, animals, and plants suffer from acid rain. Trees The needles and leaves of the trees turn brown and fall off. Trees can also suffer from stunted growth; and have damaged bark and leaves, which makes them vulnerable to weather, disease, and insects.

How Acid Rain Affects The Environment?  All of this happens partly because of direct contact between trees and acid rain, but it also happens when trees absorb soil that has come into contact with acid rain.  The soil poisons the tree with toxic substances that the rain has deposited into it.

 Lakes are also damaged by acid rain. Fish die off, and that removes the main source of food for birds. Acid rain can even kill fish before they are born when the eggs are laid and come into contact with the acid.  Fish usually die only when the acid level of a lake is high; when the acid level is lower, they can become sick, suffer stunted growth, or lose their ability to reproduce.  Also, birds can die from eating "toxic" fish and insects.

How Acid Rain Affects The Environment? Buildings  Acid rain dissolves the stonework and mortar of buildings (especially those made out of sandstone or limestone). It reacts with the minerals in the stone to form a powdery substance that can be washed away by rain.

Transport Currently, both the railway industry and the aeroplane industry are having to spend a lot of money to repair the corrosive damage done by acid rain. Also, bridges have collapsed in the past due to acid rain corrosion. How Acid Rain Affects The Environment?

Humans  Humans can become seriously ill, and can even die from the effects of acid rain. One of the major problems that acid rain can cause in a human being is respiratory problems. Many can find it difficult to breathe, especially people who have asthma. Asthma, along with dry coughs, headaches, and throat irritations can be caused by the sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides from acid rain.

Acid rain can be absorbed by both plants (through soil and/or direct contact) and animals (from things they eat and/or direct contact). When humans eat these plants or animals, the toxins inside of their meals can affect them. Brain damage, kidney problems, and Alzheimer's disease has been linked to people eating "toxic" animals/plants.

 Research carried out in North America in 1982, revealed that sulphur pollution killed 51,000 people and about 200,000 people become ill as a result of the pollution.

Yellow sand phenomenon  Asian dust phenomenon  Hwangsa (Yellow Sand)

Yellow sand phenomenon  Located in the heart of the Asian continent, including China and Mongolia in the desert and sand or mud or dust on the yellow soil in a small floating in the sky and flew away to encompass higher-layer phenomenon of falling.

Effect of Asian dust phenomenon  Negative  A respiratory disease(ailment)  An eye disease, dermatolysis  Electronic equipment malfunction  Visibility deteriorated  Positive  Neutralize soil  Kill pine-caterpillar  Marine mineral offer

Ozone  Ozone of stratosphere is profitable, but Ozone of the lower class is harmful.  The main cause of ozone  The car's exhaust gas  The concentration of ozone is high when 2-3P.M. in summer.

Effect of Ozone  Negative  Various diseases  Decreased lung function  Reduces the yield of crops  Positive  Sterilization, deodorization