1 Pertemuan 19 E-Busines & E-Commerce Williams, B.K, Stacy C. Sawyer (2007). Using Information Technology: A Practical Introduction to Computers & Communications. Seventh Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York. ISBN-13:

2 Learning Outcomes Pada akhir pertemuan ini, diharapkan mahasiswa akan mampu : Menjelaskan: pengertian e-business dan e-commerce, jenis-jenis e-commerce (C2)

3 Outline Materi Databases & The Digital Economy: E- Business & E-Commerce Using Databases to Help Make Decisions

8-4 Databases & The Digital Economy E-Commerce –The buying and selling of products and services through computer networks –Examples of some e-tailers (electronic retailers): sells books and music onlinewww.amazon.com sells candy onlinewww.sees.com connects buyers with sellers online using online auctionswww.ebay.com

8-5 Databases & The Digital Economy Innovative e-tailer technologies make online shopping easier –One-click option Allows you to click on an item and immediately go to the check-out process –360-degree images Allow you to see all sides of an item –Order tracking Bar codes are assigned to items being shipped that allow customers to check shipping progress via the internet –Shop bots Are programs that help users search for a particular product of service

8-6 Databases & The Digital Economy Types of E-Commerce –Business-to-business (B2B) A business sells to other businesses using the internet or a private network to cut transaction costs and increase efficiencies –Business-to-consumer (B2C) A business sells goods or services to consumers –Consumer-to-consumer (C2C) Consumers sell goods or services directly to other consumers with the help of a third party, such as eBay.

8-7 Using Databases to Help Make Decisions What are the qualities of good information? –Correct and verifiable –Complete yet concise –Cost effective –Current –Accessible

8-8 Using Databases to Help Make Decisions Most organizations have 6 departments to which information must flow –Research and development –Production (or operations) –Marketing and sales –Accounting and finance –Human resources (personnel) –Information systems (IS) Information flows horizontally between departments

8-9 Using Databases to Help Make Decisions Besides the 6 departments, many organizations also have 3 levels of management –Strategic-level management Top managers concerned with strategic or long-term planning and decisions –Tactical-level management Middle level managers who make decisions to implement the strategic goals set for the organization –Operational-level management Low-level supervisors make daily operational decisions Information flows vertically between management levels

8-10 Using Databases to Help Make Decisions Decentralized Organizations – a new structure –Employees increasingly telecommute – some staff have no desk or office at work –Employees communicate with each other more via than in person –Companies use Groupware CSCW (computer- supported cooperative work) systems to enable cooperative work by groups of people –The management structure is flattened as employees are given more authority to make day-to-day decisions

8-11 Using Databases to Help Make Decisions 6 computer-based information systems –Office information systems –Transaction processing systems –Management information systems –Decision support systems –Executive support systems –Expert systems

8-12 Using Databases to Help Make Decisions Transaction Processing System (TPS) –Transactions are recorded events of routine business activities such as bills, orders, and inventory –TPS systems keep track of the transactions needed to conduct a business –TPS systems are used by operational managers to track business activities –Transactions database provides the basis for management information systems and decision support systems Has anyone seen the movie “Office Space”? In that movie, the hero’s boss is nagging him about formatting the TPS report correctly. Now you know what TPS means!

8-13 Using Databases to Help Make Decisions Management Information Systems (MIS) –Computer-based information system that uses data recorded by a TPS as input to programs that produce routine reports as output –Features Inputs are processed transaction data. Outputs are summarized structured reports Designed for tactical managers Draws from all departments Produces several kinds or reports: summary, exception, periodic, and demand

8-14 Using Databases to Help Make Decisions Decision Support Systems (DSS) –Computer information system that provides a flexible tool for analysis and helps management focus on the future –Features Inputs are external data and internal data such as summarized reports and processed transaction data. Outputs are demand reports Mainly for tactical managers Produces analytic models –Developed to support the types of decisions faced by managers in specific industries

8-15 Using Databases to Help Make Decisions Executive Support Systems –An easy-to-use DSS made especially for strategic managers to support strategic decision-making –Might allow executives to call up predefined reports –Includes capability to browse through summarized information on all aspects of the organization and drill down for detailed data –Allows executives to perform “what-if” scenarios

8-16 Artificial Intelligence Expert System –One of the most useful applications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) –AI is a group of related technologies used to develop software and machines that emulate human qualities such as learning, reasoning, communicating, seeing, and hearing –Areas include Expert systems Natural language processing Intelligent agents Virtual reality and simulation devices Pattern recognition Fuzzy logic Robotics

8-17 Artificial Intelligence Three components of an expert system –Knowledge base An expert system’s database of knowledge about a particular subject –Inference engine The software that controls the search of the expert system’s knowledge base and produces conclusions –User interface The display screen the user used to interact with the expert system

8-18 Artificial Intelligence Natural language processing –Allows users to interact with a system using normal English –The study of ways for computers to recognize and understand human language Intelligent agents –A form of software with built-in intelligence that monitors work patterns, asks questions, and performs work tasks on your behalf Pattern recognition –Involves a camera and software that identify recurring patterns in its vision and maps the pattern against patterns stored in a database

8-19 Artificial Intelligence Fuzzy logic –A method of dealing with imprecise data and uncertainty, with problems that have many answers rather than one –Has been applied in running elevators to determine optimum times for elevators to wait Virtual reality –A computer-generated artificial reality that projects a person into a sensation of 3-D space –Often used with simulators to represent the behavior of physical or abstract systems

8-20 Artificial Intelligence Robotics –The development and study of machines that can perform work that is normally done by people –Commonly found in manufacturing plants and also in situations where people would be in danger Nuclear plants Assembly lines, especially paint lines Checking for land mines Fighting oil-well fires

8-21 Artificial Intelligence Weak vs. Strong A.I. –Weak A.I. claims computers can be programmed to simulate human cognition –Strong A.I. claims that computers can think on a level that is equal to or better than humans, and can also achieve consciousness Cyc approach to strong A.I. –A database in Austin, TX that holds 1.4 million basic truths –Plan is that Cyc will automatically make human-like assumptions –Hope is that Cyc will learn on its own Cog approach to strong A.I. –MIT project that is a humanoid robot –Tries to identify and search for patterns instead of following rules and facts

8-22 Artificial Intelligence Test for Human Intelligence –In 1950, Allen Turing predicted computers would be able to mimic human thinking –The Turing test determines whether the machine is human Judge is in another location and doesn’t see the computer If the computer can fool the judge, it is said to be intelligent –Ethics in A.I. Prof. William Wallace from R.P.I. says that computer software is subtly shaped by the ethical judgments of its creators For example, H.M.O. software used by health insurers steers doctors to cheaper procedures – but are they better?

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