Quick Write # 1 Write down two things you remember about the fear of communism in the US during the 1920s. Why did we fear it? What problems did it cause?

IV. Cold War at Home A. The Red Scare : Ams lost sense of security a. Ams feared communists in the US after Soviets exploded A Bomb b. Wanted to blame someone

Communist hysteria in the media: Red Menace poster Although Hollywood generally avoided overtly political films, it released a few dozen explicitly anticommunist films in the postwar era. Depicting American communists as vicious hypocrites, if not hardened criminals, Hollywood's Cold War movies, like its blacklist, were an effort to protect its imperiled public image after HUAC's widely publicized investigation of the movie industry. Communist hysteria in the media: Red Menace poster

2. The Rosenburgs (Ethel & Julius) a. Accused of spying & giving A Bomb secrets to Soviets b. Insisted they were innocent & would not lie & accuse others c. June 1953: Executed (electric chair) d. Evidence for both guilt & innocence existed

Julius & Ethel Rosenberg

Random & Useless Julius & Ethel convicted on the testimony of David Greenglass, Ethel’s brother who was spared execution in exchange for testimony Greenglass spent 10 yrs in prison 2001: Greenglass admitted he commited perjury 1990s: Russians released info showing Julius, but not Ethel provided military secrets but not bomb info between 1943 & 1946 Before he died, Theodore Hall admitted that he provided bomb secrets to Soviets. He had moved to Britain in the 50s to escape an FBI investigation The Rosenberg Trial

Random & Useless David Greenglass, wife Ruth, sister Ethel & brother In law Julius were arrested David told the FBI, he would talk if they freed his wife “I would not sacrifice my wife & children to save my sister.” David & wife Ruth both testified that Ethel typed the info for the Soviets. Ethel was convicted because of this testimony. David later said he couldn’t remember who did the typing, but his wife said it was Ethel & he wasn’t going to call his wife a liar. Julius & Ethel were promised leniency if they talked, but they didn’t. David said that they should have talked & that his sister was stupid for remaining silent was responsible for her own death. He does not visit Ethel’s grave, nor has he been in contact, but he is still haunted by the experience “but every time I am haunted by it, my wife says,’Look, we are still alive. We have our kids. Everything is OK.’” “I sleep very well.” The Brother

3. Senator Joseph McCarthy a. “McCarthyism” crusade to find communists (witch hunt) b. Other senators didn’t oppose him— feared being labeled communists c. Accused 200 govt employees of being communist d. Never produced any evidence that anyone was a communist spy e. Dec 1954: Senate votes to censure McCarthy (67 to 22)

Senator Joseph McCarthy

McCarthyism, "I have here in my hand..." A term invented by cartoonist Herblock, McCarthyism to most liberals and Democrats meant the use of lies, slander, and innuendo to attack and discredit the Democratic party for "twenty years of treason." McCarthyism, "I have here in my hand..." Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

4. Alger Hiss a. Govt official, advisor at Yalta b. Hiss is accused of being a spy by a former friend c. Evidence was found in a pumpkin on Hiss’ Maryland farm (“pumpkin papers”) d. 1950: Hiss convicted of perjury (lying) & sentenced to 5 yrs in prison

Arguments for both guilt and innocence existed in their treason case. They were executed. The Rosenburgs

He was accused of treason, but only convicted of perjury Alger Hiss

He accused people of being communists, but never produced any evidence Senator McCarthy

In 1949 this country exploded its first atomic weapon, which led Americans to fear communism The Soviet Union

Quick Write # 2 Write down three things you remember about the American economy during World War II

A. Life in the 1950s 1. Good economy a. Ams saved $44 bill ($332 bill) Gross National Product (GNP) went up (US made 2/3 of wld’s products) b. Went from Depression to richest country in world

2. Families a Baby boom 1. huge population growth after the war 2. fueled economic growth b. Suburbs (small towns outside of cities) 1. 85% of all construction in US 2. Ppl attracted by affordability

Couple looking at house In postwar America, millions of families shopped for new houses in the country's burgeoning suburbs. In the first decade after the Second World War, 4.3 million veterans used GI Bill loan provisions to purchase single-family residences. Many of these men and women were members of what Tom Brokaw, NBC's news anchor, has called "the greatest generation." They survived the Great Depression, served in the war, and became parents of America's baby boomers. Couple looking at house

Bomb shelter

c. Women 1. Marry young & stay home 2. TV emphasized role of women as wife & mother 3. Jobs paid less (clerical & secretarial)

1950s family

B. 1944: G.I. Bill (Serviceman’s Readjustment Act) 1. offered low interest loans to veterans (for education & businesses) 2. designed to ease transition to civilian life

During the 1950s, this medium emphasized the role of women as wife and mother Television

This group generally had low paying jobs, and few options such as clerical and secretarial positions Women

This demographic change fueled the economy during the 1950s Baby boom

This offered low interest loans to returning veterans, financial aid for education, housing and starting small businesses. It was designed to ease the transition between military and civilian life G. I. Bill

People moved to these because they were affordable Suburbs

This went up during the postwar era (economic measure, acronym) G.N.P.

C. Changes in labor 1. More technology a. less farm jobs b. more jobs in manufacturing & service 2. Mexican immigrants become largest source of agricultural labor (especially in Calif)

D. Taft-Hartley Act: law to limit power of unions 1. A wave of industrial strikes after WW2-  Truman to favor limits on labor unions when national interests were at stake 2. Workers have to wait 60 days before they can strike

Truman with "Dewey Defeats Truman" headlines, 1948 So few pollsters predicted that President Harry S. Truman (1884–1972) would win the 1948 presidential election that the Chicago Tribune announced his defeat before all the returns were in. Here a victorious Truman pokes fun at the newspaper for its premature headline. (Corbis-Bettmann) Truman with "Dewey Defeats Truman" headlines, 1948 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

3. labor unions were opposed because Congress favored larger businesses over unions 4. Truman gained support of unions in 1948 election

An increase in the use of this led to fewer jobs in farming, but more jobs in manufacturing and service Technology

After World War II, these groups began to make more demands on employers. Their support contributed to Truman's victory in the 1948 presidential election Labor unions

Labor unions opposed this act in 1947 because it favored big business interests Taft-Hartley

Immigrants from this country were the largest source of labor in California agriculture during the second half of the 20th century Mexico

This president tried to place strict limits on striking labor unions when national interests were at stake President Truman

Quick Write # 3 Write down two things you know about JFK (President Kennedy)

F. President Kennedy 1. From prominent, rich Kennedy family 2. young, handsome, charming 3. televised debates & stand on civil rts helped him win against Nixon 4. Many Ams did not think a Catholic should be President (answered to the pope in Rome)

JFK

Random & Useless JFK had Addison’s disease, which he was probably born with Ppl who have Addison’s have atrophied or no adrenal glands He was a sickly child: almost died at 3yrs, had frequent colds & flus, allergies, asthema, bladder, prostrate & digestive problems In 1947 JFK’s blood pressure dropped so low he was administered his last rites After recovery, he was given a year to live He was advised to avoid stress & given 6+ cortisone shots a day. He often used crutches to walk. The Kennedy family kept safe deposit boxes around the country with cortisone In 34 mos in office, he only missed 1 day of work JFK & Addisons’ disease

“There will not be, under any conditions, any intervention in Cuba by United States armed forces.” President Kennedy, April 13, 1961 “We looked like fools to our friends, rascals to our enemies and incompetents to the rest.” New York Times on the Bay of Pigs invasion

5. Cuba a. April 1961: Bay of Pigs fiasco : 1500 Cuban exiles called “La Brigada” (secret anti- Castro forces) train in Guatemala to invade Cuba & start a revolution 2. 2 days later: all invaders captured or killed by Cuban army

Fidel Castro

1. the closest the US & Soviets ever came to fighting each other during the Cold War 2. Oct 1962: US spy plane sees Soviet missiles in Cuba b. Cuban Missile Crisis

3. President Kennedy orders a blockade 4. Oct 22: US warships & bombers loaded w/nukes head for Cuba 5. Oct 28: Khrushchev agrees to remove missiles if US promises not to invade Cuba & US removes missiles in Turkey

The Missiles: One Site

6. Assassination a. Nov 22, 1963: JFK, wife Jackie & Sen Connolly in open car 1. Kennedy shot in the head, Connolly wounded 2. shots fired from book depository 3. controversy over “magic bullet theory” & the “grassy knoll”

b. Lee Harvey Oswald arrested & shot in custody (never testifies) c. Warren Commission Report: Oswald acted alone

Lee Harvey Oswald

1960, this religion became an issue during the presidential campaign Catholicism

This was the closest the US and Soviet Union came to fighting each other during the Cold War. The US ended this conflict with the Soviets by removing missiles from Turkey Cuban Missile Crisis

The name given to the failed invasion of Cuba by Cuban exiles with US support in 1961 Bay of Pigs

His performance in the first nationally televised presidential debate helped him win the election of 1960 John F. Kennedy

This group found that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in the assassination of JFK The Warren Commission