Robert J. WilsonRobert J. Wilson 13 February February 2013 HEPAP Facilities Sub-Panel Fermilab

2R.J.Wilson/Colorado State University World-Leading Science

LBNE Science Objectives C OMPREHENSIVE PROGRAM TO MEASURE NEUTRINO OSCILLATIONS C OMPREHENSIVE PROGRAM TO MEASURE NEUTRINO OSCILLATIONS Discover and characterize CP Violation in the neutrino sector Discover and characterize CP Violation in the neutrino sector …and other missing pieces of the neutrino puzzle …and other missing pieces of the neutrino puzzle Resolve the neutrino mass hierarchy unambiguously Precision measurements of oscillation parameters (mixing angles, mass differences) Precision neutrino interaction studies (near detector) New physics (non-standard interactions, sterile neutrinos) … and other fundamental physics enabled by massive detectors … and other fundamental physics enabled by massive detectors Proton decay measurement Astrophysics -- supernova burst 3R.J.Wilson/Colorado State University

4 Measurements: e (  ) appearance in a  beam  disappearance from a  beam Next generation(s) of neutrino experiments cannot simply focus on single parameter measurements – even  CP A comprehensive world-leading program, must have the ability to observe spectral distortion due to oscillations – peak and valley observe different behavior for neutrinos and antineutrinos – direct evidence of CP Violation Known non-zero and large   => event rate is high enough to achieve this with a long-baseline experiment Neutrino Oscillations

Science Importance and Facility Concept The Long-Baseline Neutrino Experiment concept has been developed and importance of the science has been validated over more than a decade 2003 High-Energy Physics Facilities…Twenty-Year Year Roadmap “Coupled with a long baseline and a large detector … the neutrino super beam would permit a comprehensive neutrino science program over a decade or more that would include the precision measurement of neutrino mass differences and oscillation parameters, plus very possibly the measurement of matter-antimatter asymmetries (CP violation) that could connect the neutrino sector to leptogenesis as a source of the baryon asymmetry of the universe.” “The underlying neutrino physics is of absolutely central scientific potential.” 2008 P5 Roadmap “Full exploration of the mass hierarchy and discovery and study of CP violation present an extraordinary scientific opportunity for the US program. A high-power neutrino beam from Fermilab to the proposed Deep Underground Science and Engineering Laboratory, DUSEL, represents an excellent chance for the US to establish clear leadership in these two measurements that would begin to unlock the secret of the matter dominance in the universe …, the Fermilab-DUSEL long baseline experiment would firmly establish the US as the leader in neutrino science.” 2010 Reconvened P5 (for TeVatron run extension) reaffirmed the Roadmap 5R.J.Wilson/Colorado State University

Science Importance and Facility Concept 2011 NRC study: An Assessment of the Science Proposed for the Deep Underground Science and Engineering Laboratory (DUSEL) “Conclusion: The long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment is of paramount scientific importance and will address crucial questions upon whose answers the tenets of our understanding of the Universe depend. This experiment would not only provide an exceptional opportunity to address scientific questions of paramount importance, it would also have a significant positive impact upon the stewardship of the particle physics and nuclear physics research communities and have the United States assume a visible leadership role in the expanding field of underground science. The U.S. particle physics program is especially well positioned to build a world-leading long-baseline neutrino experiment due to the combined availability of an intense neutrino beam from Fermilab and a suitably long baseline from the neutrino source to an appropriate underground site such as the proposed DUSEL.” 2013 Proposed Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics (DRAFT*) “CERN should develop a neutrino programme to pave the way for a substantial European role in future long-baseline experiments. Europe should explore the possibility of major participation in leading neutrino projects in the US and Japan.” 6R.J.Wilson/Colorado State University *

7R.J.Wilson/Colorado State University LBNE Project New neutrino beam line Leverages existing Fermilab proton beam infrastructure to provide high- intensity 700 kW beam Allows for future higher power beam (Project X -> 2.3 MW) First phase, sophisticated beam monitoring; near neutrino detector a valuable addition Homestake Far Site Optimal 1300 km baseline for oscillation parameter measurements independent of other experiments On-axis for broadband beam for neutrino spectral information Cost effective underground far detector at optimal baseline in future phases due to Homestake/SURF infrastructure High-Sensitivity Far Detector – liquid argon TPC First phase, 10 kt (fiducial) surface – world-leading sensitivity to  CP and resolution of Mass Hierarchy Modular design allows easy expandability; alternate designs; non-DOE contributions

8R.J.Wilson/Colorado State University Unique Capability Existing neutrino facilities (worldwide) have limited, to no, sensitivity to CP violation, CP phase and Mass Hierarchy and cannot make convincing measurements even with extended running or reasonable beam upgrades e.g. NOvA needs ~4.5 times nominal exposure to get similar CPV measurement as Phase 1 LBNE in 1.5 years Proposed facilities (worldwide) have scope limitations, particularly associated with non-optimal baseline e.g. HyperK assumes MH determined elsewhere previously No other proposed facility has all the features necessary for a comprehensive long-term neutrino program

9R.J.Wilson/Colorado State University Readiness for Construction

Well-Advanced, Realistic Plans CD-0 approval, Jan DOE requests phased approach, spring 2012 Reconfiguration process endorses 1300 km baseline CD-1 approval, Dec Phase 1: 700 kW beam, 10 kt surface detector at Homestake Many parts beyond CD-1 level Detailed cost estimates for Phase 1; cost for full-LBNE program well-developed CD-2 planned for 2015 Additional international contributions could be accommodated in the plan with modest changes to the schedule Experienced project team in place Science collaboration ~350 members, >55 institutions (4 int’l) 10R.J.Wilson/Colorado State University

First Phase Project Status 1 st Phase LBNE CD-1 DOE review comments “The beamline scope is developed with a high level of detail beyond what is required at CD-1.” “The cryogenics and cryostat design is quite mature for CD-1.” The Time Projection Chamber effort is proceeding well toward final design.” “Development of the LArSoft package is making good progress.” “The 35t LAr test cryostat effort has yielded insights into cryostat construction. The FD team intends to test many detector elements in this cryostat, with work to be completed a year before CD-2.” “The [Conventional Facilities] conceptual design documents, drawings, and estimates are comprehensive and mature for this stage of design.” “The project has an impressive amount of material supporting the cost and schedule range and should be commended for the level of detail available at this point.” CD-1 approval released funding to continue design and prototyping work across the project to support an early construction start (CD-3a) and baselining (CD-2) in 2-3 years.

Conclusions An new intense neutrino beam from Fermilab will enable, in a single experiment, unequalled measurements of mass hierarchy, evidence of CP violation in the lepton sector, and the potential to reveal new physics Due to funding availability LBNE will be divided into phases Phase 1 of LBNE will deliver world-leading neutrino science Increased international interest since CD-1 and the European Strategy draft report may result in non-DOE contributions that would accelerate the progress toward the full LBNE program 12R.J.Wilson/Colorado State University

13R.J.Wilson/Colorado State University Addressing Considerations for Facility Categorization (from the Charge Letter)

1) The ability of the facility to contribute to world-leading science in the next decade ( ) LBNE phase I is planned in this period, and will take initial data indicating the value of the CP phase and the mass ordering. No other facility is expected to perform such a measurement over this period. If underground, LBNE phase I will have the first data on supersymmetric nucleon decay with full reconstruction of events. A) Please include both existing and proposed facilities/upgrades and consider, for example, the extent to which the proposed or existing facility or upgrade would answer the most important scientific questions. The LBNE (all phases) is the only facility that will address leptonic CP violation, mass ordering, and precision measurements. It is also the only facility to address proton decay and supernova neutrinos (water detectors are sensitive to anti- neutrinos). B) Whether there are other ways or other facilities that would be able to answer these questions. The LBNE facility is optimized for accelerator neutrino research with the best sensitivity for CP violation. The optimization is based on the known oscillation parameters, and reasonable assumptions about the beam. There is no other way to measure neutrino CP violation except with a long-baseline high energy neutrino beam experiment. Other existing facilities fall short because of fundamental limitations to their design, especially with respect to the length of the neutrino flight-path. 14

C) Whether the facility would contribute to many or few areas of research. The full scale LBNE facility will contribute to the science of grand unification in particle physics through both investigation in the neutrino sector as well as the search for proton decay. The measurement of supernova and atmospheric neutrinos in the same detector also allows contribution to astrophysics. The near neutrino detector will collect a very high statistics sample of neutrino events opening precision measurements of neutrino interactions. D) Whether facility will address the needs of the broad community of users including those supported by other Federal agencies. Besides the particle physics community the facility will address two other scientific communities: nuclear physics, astrophysics. The technology of the neutrino beam and the cryogenic liquid detector will serve the accelerator physics, advanced instrumentation physics, and the cryogenic engineering communities. 15R.J.Wilson/Colorado State University

E) Whether construction will create synergies within a field or among fields of research. Yes. The site selected for the LBNE far detector is at the optimum distance and it is also at the location of the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF), which has been considered by many committees of the NSF and DOE for a deep underground laboratory. LBNE will benefit from the investment made in SURF by the state and federal agencies and it will also allow new synergies with other science that would benefit from underground siting. F) What level of demand exists within the scientific communities that use the facility. The LBNE collaboration with over 350 members will be the main users of the facility. The size of the collaboration is expected to grow to twice the size as the project gets constructed. The science collaboration is expected to have members from all the communities identified above. 16R.J.Wilson/Colorado State University

2) The readiness of the facility for construction The facility has passed the CD1 review with the finding that much of the design is well beyond the CD1 level of expectation. A) Whether the concept of the facility has been formally studied The facility concept and alternatives have been studied for more than a decade. The documentation from a large number of review panels can be provided. The technical and facility designs have been developed, revised, and refined for several years through work with the former DUSEL Project and then the Reconfiguration effort, and now are moving beyond the Phase 1 LBNE Project CD-1 approval. B) The level of confidence that the technical challenges can be met As confirmed by the DOE CD-1 Review, the design is mature for a project at this phase, and a plan is in place to resolve the remaining technical issues, mainly through simulations and prototyping in the next 2-3 years. Potential expanded scope does not present significant challenges beyond the Phase 1 scope. 17R.J.Wilson/Colorado State University

C) Sufficiency of R&D performed to date. The majority of R&D is complete; most of what remains is engineering development. D) The extent to which the cost to build and operate is understood. The cost of Phase 1 LBNE is at CD-1 level or beyond. The operating costs were documented as part of the CD-1 review process. The cost of expanded scope is being developed to CD-1 level to facilitate discussion with non-DOE partners. 18R.J.Wilson/Colorado State University

19R.J.Wilson/Colorado State University Backup

Neutrino/Anti-Neutrino Asymmetry 20R.J.Wilson/Colorado State University

Optimal Baseline Left: Fraction of  CP for which MH can be determined at 5  level or greater Right: Fraction of  CP for which CPV can be determined at 3  level or greater 21R.J.Wilson/Colorado State University

CP Sensitivity vs. Exposure 99% C.L. LBNE Phase 1 Blue band: Lower line nominal Phase 1 configuration Upper line with modest beam improvements 700 kW beam source 22

Oscillation Probability & Baseline 23R.J.Wilson/Colorado State University

MH and CPV Sensitivity 24R.J.Wilson/Colorado State University

 Disappearance 25 ( ) _ R.J.Wilson/Colorado State University

Configurations Sensitivity 26 R.J.Wilson/Colorado State University

LBNE Phase 1 Parameters 27R.J.Wilson/Colorado State University

FY23FY22FY21FY20FY19FY18FY17FY16FY15FY14FY13FY12FY11FY10 Mar-15 CD-3a Approve Long Lead Item Procurement Jan-10 CD-0 Approve Mission Need Dec-12 CD-1 Approve Alternate Selection & Cost Range Sep-22 Far Site KPPs Met Complete Sep-16 CD-3b Approve Start of Construction Dec-15 CD-2 Approve Performance Baseline Jul-22 Near Site KPPs Met Complete LBNE Critical Path Schedule Summary Two essentially independent schedules, optimized for funding Conc Design CF FS Construction CF FS Prelim & Final Design & Procurmt Install TPC, Test & Fill Detector Commissioning Cryostat Construction Conc Design CF Embankment Construction CF Embankment Design & Procurmt CF Primary Bm, Target Hall Constn CF Embankment Settlement Beamline Installation Beamline Hardware Commissioning Far Site is critical, Near Site near critical, both go through CF Apr-23 CD-4 Approval (Early Finish) 2 yr schedule contingency on early finish Plan to start full construction has accelerated by 7 months since DOE Review in November Design & prototyping work proceeding Preparing for 1 st construction work to start in 2 years

Cost Estimates Detailed cost estimates have been completed for 1 st Phase 1 st Phase annual operating costs are estimated at $6.5M in FY12$, assuming these costs are incremental to existing operations at Fermilab & SURF Estimates for expanded scope are being developed based on “CD-1 level” estimates prepared during Reconfiguration process during summer These estimates will be used in discussions with non-DOE partners toward expanding the scope.

Detailed Design is underway LBNE CD-1 DOE Review – 30 Oct - 1 Nov FAR SITE NEAR SITE

35 t prototype cryostat Proof of principal in LAr applications Benchmarks cryostat performance Develops procedures Develops purging and commissioning planning Available for detector prototyping Addresses recommendation CRYO-01 Cryostat Construction finished in October Cryogenics finished in March 31 LBNE CD-1 DOE Review – 30 Oct - 1 Nov 2012

Detector Overview LBNE CD-1 DOE Review – 30 Oct - 1 Nov Cryogenics and Cryostat LAr filling, purification, and re- condensing CF delivers buildings with basic services LAr

LBNE CD-1 DOE Review – 30 Oct - 1 Nov TPC Anode planes Cathode planes Field cage Photon Detectors Cold Electronics DAQ Installation Mounting Rails APA Detector Overview