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Native America The introduction of the horse stimulated the rise of nomadic Plains culture. 3© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

New Spain (the Borderlands) The northern borderlands of New Spain = a buffer zone of protection from other European colonies. In Florida, the Spanish colonial presence was weak causing the Spanish to form alliances with Indians and runaway slaves to create a multiracial society. In California, Catholic missions guided development in the 1770s. 4© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

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New France (The French Crescent) The Catholic Church played a strong role in the French (Huguenot) colonies. For defensive reasons, the French allied with Indian trading partners to set up a line of military posts and settlements. French communities combined French and Indian elements in architecture, dress, and family patterns. 6© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

French “long lots” style of agriculture 7© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

New England (the northeast) Puritan congregations governed local communities. – Mix of freedom and repression New England towns grew rapidly and the expanding population pressed against available land. 8© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Middle Colonies New York = one of the most ethnically diverse populations in North America. Immigration to rural areas around NYC was much lower Pennsylvania Quakers accepted a very diverse population. Government institutions were pillars of community organization. Middle Colony communities were more individualistic than the tightly controlled New England communities. 9© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Backcountry (the “Frontier”) Backcountry a very different type of culture – Rank/class often meant nothing – Most pioneers owned little or no land. – Men were warriors; women were domestic workers. An extremely violent region (conflict w/ Indians) 10© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

11 Seeing History A Plan of an American New Cleared Farm.

The South The South was a triracial society of Europeans, Africans, and Indians. Large plantation homes dominated the Upper and Lower South. Small tobacco farms were widely found in the Upper South. White males dominated southern society. In the Upper South, well-developed neighborhoods created a sense of community and white solidarity. 12© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Population Growth and Immigration Only the British colonies encouraged immigration. – The British also encouraged immigration from foreign nations. 13© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

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Social Class In New Spain status was based on racial purity. In New France and New Spain hereditary ranks and styles from the Old World prevailed. In the British colonies, the elite was open and based on wealth. – Social mobility was present and common. – The large middle class was a new social phenomena. – There was also a large lower class. 15© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Contrasts in Colonial Politics Unlike the French and Spanish, the British used a decentralized form of government. Royal governors and locally elected assemblies governed. Most adult white males could vote. Colonial politics were characterized by deference rather than democracy. Leadership was entrusted to men of high rank and wealth. Most colonial assemblies had considerable power over local affairs because they controlled finances. 16© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cultural Transformation of British North America The British colonies were more open to intellectual and religious challenges than the French and Spanish. Literacy widespread in British colonies British colonial officials made little attempt at cultural censorship. 17© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Enlightenment Challenge Enlightenment ideas emphasized rationality, harmony, and order. – The state existed to provide for happiness and security of individuals who were endowed with rights of life, liberty, and property. Enlightenment ideas – Traditional views also had strong popular appeal. – Colleges held to a mixture of traditional and enlightened views. 18© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

A Decline in Religious Devotion The spread of new ideas occurred during a period of religious decline. The Puritan Church experienced falling membership and attendance at services. The change from a congregational to an established church contributed to the Puritan decline. 19© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

20 In this satirical British cartoon of 1760 evangelist George Whitefield preaches to a crowd of listeners while holding a bag of “cash.” The crowd below adds critical comment, one man remarking that the “Rev. Mr. Humbug” is worth no more than a “halfpenny,” and the woman next to him wishing that Whitefield’s “spirit was in my flesh.” Source: Copyright the British Museum.

The Great Awakening In the 1730s, the Great Awakening began with Jonathan Edwards calling for a return to Puritan traditions that appealed to dissatisfied young people. The movement spread as thousands of people experienced emotional conversions. In 1738, George Whitefield toured America, further fueling the movement. Conflicts developed between Old and New Lights. In the South, the Great Awakening introduced Christianity to slaves. The Great Awakening greatly increased church membership. 21© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Baptism by Full Immersion in the Schuylkill River of Pennsylvania, an engraving by Henry Dawkins illustrating events in the history of American Baptists, was published in Philadelphia in With calls for renewed piety and purity, the Great Awakening reinvigorated American Protestantism. The Baptists preached an egalitarian message, and their congregations in the South often included both white and black Protestants. SOURCE: Henry Dawkins, “Baptismal Ceremony Beside he Schuylkill.” Engraving, 1770, John Carter Brown Library at Brown University. 22© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Politics of Revivalism Revivalism had political implications. Revivalism offered people the first chance to participate in public debate. It empowered ordinary people to challenge their leaders. 23© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

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