( Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation)

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Presentation transcript:

( Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation) 비침습적 양압 환기법 ( Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation) 울산의대 울산대학교병원 호흡기내과 안 종 준

Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation CONTENTS Application of NPPV Interfaces for NPPV Ventilator for NPPV Ventilation Mode and practical application for NPPV Complication of NPPV

Noninvasive Ventilation (NIV) 1. 정의: 기관내삽관 또는 기관절개술을 실시하지 않고 시행하는 인공호흡 보조를 통칭 2. 종류 1) Negative pressure ventilation 2) Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation (NPPV)

NPPV의 장단점 장점 단점 기관내 삽관, 기관절개술에 따른 합병증을 줄임 마스크 사용과 공기유출에 따른 합병증 기관내 삽관, 기관절개술에 따른 합병증을 줄임 마스크 사용과 공기유출에 따른 합병증 환자에게 적용 용이, 환자가 편하다 환자의 협조유도가 필요 말할 수 있고, 먹을 수 있으며 객담을 뱉을 수 있다 고농도의 산소 및 높은 흡기압을 사용할 수 없다 간헐적으로 사용할 수도 있다 활력 증후가 불안정한 환자, 급성 중증질환의 경우는 적용에 제한

NPPV 적용이 가능한 질환 Acute application 1. Exacerbation of COPD 2. Asthma 3. Cardiogenic pulmonary edema 4. Acute hypoxemic respiratory failure 5. Post extubation acute states 6. Postoperative acute states 7. Hypoxemic respiratory failure in immunocompromised patients

NPPV 적용이 가능한 질환 Chronic application 1. Chest wall deformity 2. Progressive neuromuscular disorders 3. Sleep related hypoventilation/apnea 4. Chronic stable COPD

Exacerbation of COPD Liesching T et al. CHEST 2003; 124:699–713

Cardiogenic pulmonary edema Liesching T et al. CHEST 2003; 124:699–713 Hess DR. Respir Care 2004;49(7):810–829.

Acute hypoxemic respiratory failure Endotracheal intubation ICU length of stay Keenan SP et al. Crit Care Med 2004; 32:2516 –2523

Post-extubation respiratory failure N Engl J Med 2004;350:2452-60

Suggested Application of Noninvasive Ventilation Truwit JD. NEJM 350:2512-4

Evidence To Support Use of NPPV for ARF Liesching T et al. CHEST 2003; 124:699–713

NPPV의 Interfaces 1) Mouthpeice 2) Nasal mask, Oronasal (full- face) mask 3) Nasal pillow 4) Helmet

NPPV의 Interfaces Nasal pillow Nasal mask

Nasal and Oronasal mask Interface Advantages Disadvantages Nasal Less risk of aspiration Easier secretion clearance Less claustrophobia Easier speech May allow patient to eat Easy to fit and secure Less dead space Mouth leak Higher resistance through nasal passages Less effective with nasal obstruction Nasal irritation and rhinorrhea Mouth dryness Oronasal Better control of mouth leak More effective with mouth- breathers, particularly during acute application of NPPV More dead space Claustrophobia More risk of aspiration More difficulty in speaking and eating Asphyxiation if ventilator malfunctions

NPPV의 Interfaces Full facemask Helmet

NPPV의 Interfaces Helmet Antonelli et al. (2002) Crit Care Med 30:602–608

Helmet for NPPV Table. Complication between interfaces Antonelli M et al. Anesthesiology 2004;100(1):16–24.

Helmet for NPPV PCO2 Baseline after 1 h end of treatment Antonelli M et al. Anesthesiology 2004;100(1):16–24.

Interface의 비교 Nasal Face-mask Helmet Pillows Total FM Ventilation ++ +++ + Claustrophobia Ability to speak Ability to cough Air leak Dead space ++++ Comfort

Ventilator for NPPV 1) Conventional ventilator (Critical care ventilator) 2) Portable positive pressure ventilator (CPAP, BiPAP, Volume limited ventilator)

Conventional vetilator Ventilator의 장점 비교 Conventional vetilator Portable ventilator - High inspiratory pressure 와 high FiO2를 제공 - Alarm 및 monitoring system이 우수 - Back-up battery - variable ventilation mode air leakage에 대한 보상 triggering 과 cycling 이 more synchronous

Conventional vetilator Ventilator의 단점 비교 Conventional vetilator Portable ventilator - 비싸고 운반성의 제한 - air leakage에 대한 보상 기능이 제한 - less synchronous - 한 개의 tube를 사용  CO2 rebreathing risk  - Oxygen blender (-)  고농도 산소 사용 제한 - high inspiratory pressure 의 제한 (20~35 cmH2O) - Alarm, monitoring system 미비

Portable Positive Ventilator “Bilevel” ventilator (BiPAP, Respironics) (BiPAP-vision)

Portable Positive Ventilator Knightstar 335 (Mallinkrodt) - trigger sensitivity 가능 - CPAP, pressure assist mode PLV-102 (Respironics) - volume limited ventilator - oxygen blender - battery backup - high pressure generating system

Critical Care Ventilator Esprit Galileo

Portable Pressure Ventilator To decrease CO2 rebreathing 1) leak port : 마스크에(circuit보다는) 위치 2) 산소를 (회로가 아닌) 마스크에서 섞이도록 3) Plateau Exhalation Valve를 장치 4) EPAP을 증가

Portable Pressure Ventilator Oxygen supplement - Oxygen blender (-) - FiO2 is affected by ① Oxygen flow, ② Site where oxygen is added into the circuit*, ③ Position of the leak port*, ④ Type of leak port and amount of leak, ⑤ IPAP and EPAP settings

Factors Affecting Oxygen Delivery With Bi-Level Positive Airway Pressure Schwartz AR. Respir Care 2004;49(3):270–275.

Factors Affecting Oxygen Delivery With Bi-Level Positive Airway Pressure

Ventilation Mode for NPPV Pressure support ventilation (PSV) Pressure control ventilation (PCV) Volume control ventilation (VCV) Proportional assist ventilation (PAV)

Bi-level Ventilator (BiPAP-vision)

Bilevel ventilator의 respiratory triggering와 cycling: Auto-track 1) Air leakage adaptation and volume trigger Spontaneous trigger threshold volume = V leak + 6ml

Bilevel ventilator의 respiratory triggering와 cycling: Auto-track 2) 가상 신호(shape signal)에 의한 호흡 주기 cycling

Bilevel ventilator의 respiratory triggering와 cycling: Auto-track 3) Expiratory threshold signal에 의한 호기 시작

Pressure support ventilation (Pressure cycled) PB 7200 ventilator cycle variable : set flow 5 L/min 2ndary cycle variable : Ti > 3 sec or Paw > pressure limit + 1.5 cmH2O

NPPV의 실제적 적용

Step 1. Identify patients in need of ventialtory assistance Patient Selection Guideline Step 1. Identify patients in need of ventialtory assistance A. Symptoms and signs of acute respiratory distress: a. Moderate to severe dyspnea b. RR > 24, accessory muscle use, paradoxical breathing B. Gas exchange abnornalities: a. PaCO2 > 45 mmHg, pH < 7.35 or b. PaO2/FiO2 <200

Step 2. Exclude those at increased risk with noninvasive ventilation Patient Selection Guideline Step 2. Exclude those at increased risk with noninvasive ventilation A. Respiratory arrest B. Medically unstable (hypotensive uncontrolled cardiac ischemia or arrhythmias) C. Unable to protect airway (impaired cough or swallowing mechanism) D. Excessive secretions E. Agitated or uncooperative F. Facial trauma, burns, or surgery, or anatomic abnormalities interfering with mask fit

NPPV 시작을 위한 protocol 1. 방법을 자세히 설명, 침대나 의자에 30도 이상 앉은 자세 (Mehta S & Hill NS, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2001) 1. 방법을 자세히 설명, 침대나 의자에 30도 이상 앉은 자세 2. 적절한 마스크를 선택 3. 인공호흡기와 환기 양식 선택 4. 헤드기어 착용: 환자에게 마스크를 잡도록 격려 5. 마스크에 인공호흡기 연결 후 호흡기 작동 6. triggered mode에서 낮은 압력으로 시작 : IPAP 8~12 cm H2O, EPAP 3~5 cm H2O : tidal volume 10 ml/kg

NPPV 시작을 위한 protocol 7. IPAP(10~20 cm H2O) 또는 tidal volume을 점진적으로 (Mehta S & Hill NS, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2001) 7. IPAP(10~20 cm H2O) 또는 tidal volume을 점진적으로 증가 : 환자-호흡기 동조 유지 8. 산소포화도가 90% 이상 유지 9. 누출여부 확인: strap 재조정 10. 필요에 따라 소량의 진정제(예: lorazepam 0.5 mg IV) 사용 11. 격려, 안심, 환자 상태를 확인 후 재조정 12. 시작 1~2 시간 내에 ABGA를 확인

Time requirement for NPPV Kramer N et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;151(6):1799–1806.

Predictors of Success During Acute Applications of NPPV - Younger age - Lower APACHE score - Able to cooperate, better neurologic score - Able to coordinate breathing with ventilator - Less air leaking, intact dentition - Hypercarbia, but not too severe (PaCO2 > 45 mmHg, < 92 mmHg ) - Acidemia, but not too severe ( pH < 7.35, > 7.10 ) - Improvements in gas exchange and heart and respiratory rates within first 2h

NPPV의 합병증 및 대처 방법 마스크 연관 합병증 발생% 가능한 대처 방법 불편감 안면 피부 발적 밀폐공포증 비 궤양   30-50 20-34 5-10 strap 재조정, 다른 형의 마스크 strap 완화, 인공 피부 부착 작은 마스크, 진정제 사용 strap 완화, 다른 형의 마스크

NPPV의 합병증 및 대처 방법 압력/기류 연관 합병증 발생% 가능한 대처 방법 비 충혈 귀 통증 비/구강 건조감 눈 자극 위장관 팽만   20-50 10-30 10-20 5-10 충혈완화제, 항히스타민제 견디기 어려우면 압력 감소 humidifier 사용, 누출 감소 strap 재조정 압력 감소

NPPV의 합병증 및 대처 방법 누출 Major complication 합병증 발생% 가능한 대처 방법 흡인성 폐렴 저혈압 기흉 80-100 < 5 chin straps 사용, 안면 마스크 로 교체, 압력 감소 저위험 환자 선정 inflation pressure 감소 기도압 감소, 흉관 삽입

Conclusion 적절한 환자를 선택 NPPV에 대한 의료진의 교육 및 경험 NPPV : conventional ventilation 대치할 수 없음  환자의 호전이 2시간 내 없으면 즉시 intubation 시행!!!