Native Americans Ms. Astle Picture from: Heather Astle Postcards

Native Americans In 1492 15 to 20 million natives lived in North America. 2,000 different nations existed. A nation is made up of people who spoke the same language and shared other cultural traits. Most natives believed in the power of spirits found in nature. Natives tried to live in harmony with nature and the land. Believed that no one person could own the land, but that it was shared by all members.

Native American Regions Picture from: World Book Online Reference

Arctic Indians Location Northern Boarders of Alaska and Canada Tribes Inupiat, Yupik, Aleuts, Tanaina, Inuit Shelter/Housing Igloo Food Seal, whale, walrus, caribou, polar bears, clams. Customs Traveled by kayaks, and dog sleds. Carved masks used in ceremonies. Tattoos were common

Subarctic Indians Location Canada and Alaska Tribes Cree, Tanana, Naskapi, Algonquin, Chipewyan, Kutchin, Montagnais, Ingulik, Kaska, Beaver Shelter/Housing Wood and sod houses Food Caribou—most important Moose, deer, rabbit, pemmican Customs Windigo—Giant cannibals who lived in the forest. Women did most of the work but would be first to starve if food ran out.

Northwest Coast Indians Location Oregon, Washington and part of Canada along the Northwest coast Tribes Tillamook, Chinook, Tlingit, Makah, Haida, Kwakiutl, Nootka, Coos, Takelma Shelter/Housing Rectangular houses out of cedar with wood floors. Food Salmon, sea otters, seals, dried meat, fish, cod. Customs Sought the protection of animal spirits—raven, bear, eagle, and beaver. Built totem poles. Potlach—gifting custom

California Indians Location California Coast Tribes Chumash, Pomo, Mojave, Yurok, Miwok, Maidu, Wintun, Yokuts, Chimariko, Karok, Kamia, Yana Shelter/Housing Cone shaped made with brush. Food Acorns—main food. Grubs, caterpillars, grasshoppers Dolphins, sea lions Customs Did not have war chiefs or bestow war honors. Raids made for revenge. Pomo baskets finest in world.

Plateau Indians Customs Location Bordered by Cascade Mountains and Rocky Mountains Tribes Nez Pierce, Yakima, Palus, Walla Walla, Cayuse, Klamath, Flathead, Spokane Shelter Pit House Food Salmon—most important. Elk, fish, deer, bear, berries. Customs Fished with long spears. Personal guardian spirits. Salmon Ceremony---1st of spring and 1st catch honored to bring good run the next year.

Great Basin Indians Location Great Basin area Tribes Shoshone, Paiute, Ute, Bannock Shelter/Housing Wiki-ups Teepees Food Foraged for food- Insects, grubs, seeds, nuts, rabbits, and grasshoppers. Customs Nicknamed “diggers” Ute Bear Dance---4 day dance around a pole Wolf—good brother who makes things. Coyote—trickster bad brother who disrupts things.

Southwest Indians Customs Location Southwest United States Tribes Hopi, Zuni, Apache, Navajo, Pueblo, Papago, Comanche, Yuma, Pima, Tewa, Mojave Shelter/Housing Pueblo Hogan Wiki-ups Food Corns, Squash, beans, sunflowers, turkeys Customs Kachinas—spirit beings Kachina Dolls—used to teach children about religion. Kiva—Used for ceremonies and rituals Navajo Sand Paintings—used for healing

Plains Indians Location West of Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains Tribes Sioux (Lakota), Crow, Pawnee, Cheyenne, Comanche, Fox, Sauk, Arapaho, Blackfeet, Mandan, Kiowa, Blackfoot, Mandan, Omaha, Osage, Wichita, Arapaho, Gros Ventre, Caddo, Hidatsa Shelter/Housing Teepee Food Bison—Staple food. Elk, antelope, fish, corn, beans, squash, and tobacco.

Uses for Buffalo Parts Rawhide: Tanned Buffalo Hide Gall Stones: Meat: Containers ,Shields, Buckets , Moccasin Soles, Drums, Splints, Ropes, Sheaths, Saddles, Stirrups, Bull boats, Masks, Snowshoes, Ornaments. Tanned Buffalo Hide Moccasin Tips, Winter Robes, Bedding, Belts, Bags, Tipi Covers, Tipi Liners, Bridles Gall Stones: Yellow Paints Meat: Immediate Use, Sausage, Cached meat, Jerky, Pemmican Tongue: Choice Meat Stomach Liner: Water Containers, Cooking Vessels Horns: Cups, fire Carrier, Powder horn, Spoons, Ladles, Headdresses, Toys, Medication Hooves, Feet and Dewclaws Glue, Rattles, Spoons Beard: Ornamentations, Dolls Skull: Sun Dance, Medicine Prayers, Other Rituals Brain: Hide Preparation Bladder: Pouches, Medicine Bags Tendons: Sinews—sewing, Bowstrings Fat: Tallow, Soaps, Hair Grease

Plains Indians Customs Vision quests War and Peace chiefs Eagle feathers awarded to warriors for each deed. Sundance

Northeast Woodlands Indians Location Northeast United States Tribes Iroquois, Mohawk, Oneida, Seneca, Onondaga, Cayuga, Ojibwa, Ottawa, Winnebago, Sauk, Fox, Mohegan, Pequot, Shawnee, Mound Builders, Algonquian, Powhatan, Narraganset, Miami, Huron, Shelter Longhouse Wigwam Food: Fish, corn, beans, deer, rabbit, bear, duck

Northeast Woodland Indians Customs: Fish by torchlight Elder women leads clan Women own everything have right to vote Wampum---used to communicate messages of war and peace Iroquois Confederation---1st form of Representative Government in the U.S.

Southeast Indians Location Southeast United States Tribes Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Seminole, Natchez, Chickasaw, Yuchi, Alabama, Caddo, Catawba, Coushatta, Timucua, Yamasee Shelter Rectangular with thatched roof---some were on stilts Food Corn---most important Squash, sweet potatoes, pumpkins

Southeast Indians Customs Hunt using blow guns with poisonous tips Cherokee considered one of 5 civilized tribes. Created own government and written language. Played lacrosse Mississippian Culture---Mound Builders Green Corn Ceremony

Sources Music from--Freeplay Music: Native American (2007) Pierre Langer, SESAC, Scott P. Schreer, BMI: Freeplay Music Corp. at URL: http://www.freeplaymusic.com/search/advanced_search_ext.php Video from--eMedia (2004) American Heritage. Native Americans at URL: http://dms.uen.org/cgi-bin/WebObjects/tsweb.woa/1/wo/3IjzzfrY3seCKTHbE4iORw/0.13.3?1187283558496 Map from—World Book Online Reference Center (2007) World Book Inc. at URL: http://www.worldbookonline.com/wb/extmedia?id=ar274500&st=native+americvans&em=lr004176 Pictures from— NYPL Digital Gallery: After Columbus 400 Years of Native American Portriture (2004) NYPL Digital Gallery at URL: http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/explore/dgexplore.cfm?topic=history&collection_list=AfterColumbusFourhun&col_id=182 University of Washington Digital Library:American Indians of the Pacific Northwest (2007) University of Washington at URL: http://content.lib.washington.edu/aipnw/index.html American Memory: Library of Congress ( 2007) Library of Congress at URL: http://memory.loc.gov/award/iencurt/ct14/ct14toc.html Heather Astle Postcards Utah History To Go (2007) State of Utah at URL: http://historytogo.utah.gov/people/ethnic_cultures/the_history_of_utahs_american_indians/chapter6.html North Americans Native Peoples (2000) crsmith at URL: http://www.cabrillo.edu/~crsmith/noamer_newoodlands.html