Statistics for Projects Statistics for Managers
The sample frame should closely agree with the target population……. Sampling error - the difference between a numerical descriptor of the population and the corresponding descriptor of the sample. Eg childrens’ height. Undercoverage - occurs when some population units are excluded from the process of selecting the sample. Non response – occurs whenever some of the individuals who were supposed to be included in the sample are not. Observation Error – data values recorded incorrectly Recording error – by respondent or interviewer. Response bias – slanting the question/ sensitive issues
Presentation of data – some examples Why is presentation important? How can you present data meaningfully?
A simple bar chart No of students
Bar Charts It is good way to show relative sizes Scalable within reason Good for comparing Good for showing changes over time or a trend.
Presentation of data - Histogram Weight (kg) Number of bags
Presentation of data – Pie chart
Presentation of data – Cumulative Cum.freq
Multiple bar chart showing the alcoholic preference of the student group.
Component bar chart showing the married or not married status of the student group.
% Component bar. Source: competition commission, 2000
Store choice criteria, grocery shopping Source: Competition Commission, 2000.
Presentation of data - graph