* * Chapter Eighteen Financial Management Copyright © 2010 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin

* * Finance -- The function in a business that within the firm. Finance activities include:  Preparing budgets  Creating cash flow analyses  Planning for expenditures WHAT’S FINANCE? The Role of Finance and Financial Managers LG1 18-2

* * Financial Management -- The job of managing a firm’s resources to meet its goals and objectives. FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT The Role of Finance and Financial Managers LG1 18-3

* * Financial Managers -- Examine financial data and recommend strategies for improving financial performance. Financial managers are responsible for:  Paying company bills  Collecting payments  Staying abreast of market changes  Assuring accounting accuracy FINANCIAL MANAGERS The Role of Finance and Financial Managers LG1 18-4

* * WHAT FINANCIAL MANAGERS DO LG1 The Role of Finance and Financial Managers 18-5

* * WHAT WORRIES FINANCIAL MANAGERS LG1 The Role of Finance and Financial Managers Consumer demand for their firm’s products Credit markets and interest rates Financial regulations from the government Volatility of the dollar Foreign competition Environmental regulations Source: CFO Magazine,

* * Undercapitalization Poor control over cash flow Inadequate expense control WHY DO FIRMS FAIL FINANCIALLY? The Value of Understanding Finance LG1 18-7

* * TOP FINANCIAL CONCERNS of COMPANY CFOs LG1 Ability to accurately forecast financial results Maintaining productivity during an economic downturn Balance sheet weakness Rising cost of healthcare Attracting and retaining top quality employees Source: CFO Magazine, The Value of Understanding Finance 18-8

* * Financial planning involves analyzing short-term and long-term money flows to and from the company. Three key steps of financial planning: 1. Forecasting the firm’s short-term and long-term financial needs. 2. Developing budgets to meet those needs. 3. Establishing financial controls to see if the company is achieving its goals. FINANCIAL PLANNING Financial Planning LG2 18-9

* * CFO -- Chief Financial Officer CFP -- Certified Financial Planner CFA -- Chartered Financial Analyst Comptroller -- Chief Accounting Officer WHO’S WHO in FINANCE Financial Planning LG

* * Short-Term Forecast -- Predicts revenues, costs and expenses for a period of one year or less. Cash-Flow Forecast -- Predicts the cash inflows and outflows in future periods, usually months or quarters. Long-Term Forecast -- Predicts revenues, costs, and expenses for a period longer than one year and sometimes as long as five or ten years. FINANCIAL FORECASTING Forecasting Financial Needs LG

* * Budget -- Sets forth management’s expectations for revenues and allocates the use of specific resources throughout the firm. Budgets depend heavily on the balance sheet, income statement, statement of cash flows and short-term and long-term financial forecasts. The budget is the guide for financial operations and expected financial needs. BUDGETING in the FIRM Working with the Budget Process LG

* * Capital Budget -- Highlights a firm’s spending plans for major asset purchases that often require large sums of money. Cash Budget -- Estimates cash inflows and outflows during a particular period like a month or quarter. Operating (Master) Budget -- Ties together all the firm’s other budgets and summarizes its proposed financial activities. TYPES of BUDGETS Working with the Budget Process LG

* * FINANICAL PLANNING Working with the Budget Process LG

* * Financial Control -- A process in which a firm periodically compares its actual revenues, costs and expenses with its budget. ESTABLISHING FINANCIAL CONTROL Establishing Financial Control LG

* * FACTORS USED in ASSESSING FINANCIAL CONTROL Establishing Financial Control LG2 Is the firm meeting its short-term financial commitments? Is the firm producing adequate operating profits on its assets? How is the firm financing its assets? Are the firms owners receiving an acceptable return on their investment? 18-16

* * Managing day-by-day needs of the business Controlling credit operations Acquiring needed inventory Making capital expenditures KEY NEEDS for OPERATIONAL FUNDS in a FIRM The Need for Operating Funds LG

* * WAYS to RAISE START-UP CAPITAL The Need for Operating Funds LG3 Seek out a microloan from a microlender Use asset-based lending or factoring Source: Entrepreneur Magazine, March Turn to the web and seek out peer-to-peer lendingpeer-to-peer lending Research local banks Sweet-talk vendors you want to do business with 18-18

* * HOW SMALL BUSINESSES CAN IMPROVE CASH FLOW The Need for Operating Funds LG3 Be more aggressive in collecting accounts receivable. Offer customers discounts by paying early. Take advantage of special payment terms from vendors. Raise prices. Use credit cards discriminately. Source: American Express Small Business Monitor

* * Debt Financing -- The funds raised through various forms of borrowing that must be repaid. Equity Financing -- The funds raised from within the firm from operations or through the sale of ownership in the firm (such as stock). USING ALTERNATIVE SOURCES of FUNDS Alternative Sources of Funds LG

* * Short-Term Financing -- Funds needed for a year or less. Long-Term Financing -- Funds needed for more than a year. SHORT and LONG-TERM FINANCING Alternative Sources of Funds LG

* * WHY FIRMS NEED FINANCING Alternative Sources of Funds LG3 Short-Term FundsLong-Term Funds Monthly expensesNew-product development Unanticipated emergenciesReplacement of capital equipment Cash flow problemsMergers or acquisitions Expansion of current inventoryExpansion into new markets Temporary promotional programsNew facilities 18-22

* * Trade Credit -- The practice of buying goods or services now and paying for them later. Promissory Note -- A written contract agreeing to pay a supplier a specific sum of money at a definite time. TYPES of SHORT-TERM FINANCING Obtaining Short-Term Financing LG

* * Commercial banks offer short-term loans like:  Secured Loans -- Backed by collateral.  Unsecured Loans -- Don’t require collateral from the borrower.  Line of Credit -- A given amount of money the bank will provide so long as the funds are available.  Revolving Credit Agreement -- A line of credit that’s guaranteed but comes with a fee. DIFFERENT FORMS of SHORT-TERM LOANS Different Forms of Short-Term Loans LG

* * Commercial Paper -- Unsecured promissory notes in amounts of $100,000+ that come due in 270 days or less. Since commercial paper is unsecured, only financially stable firms are able to sell it. COMMERCIAL PAPER Commercial Paper LG

* * Three questions of financial managers in setting long- term financing objectives: 1. What are the organization’s long-term goals and objectives? 2. What funds do we need to achieve the firm’s long-term goals and objectives? 3. What sources of long-term funding (capital) are available, and which will best fit our needs? SETTING LONG-TERM FINANCING OBJECTIVES Obtaining Long-Term Financing LG

* * 1. The character of the borrower. 2. The borrower’s capacity to repay the loan. 3. The capital being invested in the business by the borrower. 4. The conditions of the economy and the firm’s industry. 5. The collateral the borrower has available to secure the loan. The FIVE C’s of CREDIT LG5 Obtaining Long-Term Financing 18-27

* * Long-term financing loans generally come due within 3 -7 years but may extend to 15 or 20 years. Term-Loan Agreement -- A promissory note that requires the borrower to repay the loan with interest in specified monthly or annual installments. A major advantage of debt financing is the interest the firm pays is tax deductible. USING LONG-TERM DEBT FINANCING Debt Financing LG

* * Indenture Terms -- The terms of agreement in a bond issue. Secured Bond -- A bond issued with some form of collateral (i.e. real estate). Unsecured (Debenture) Bond -- A bond backed only by the reputation of the issuing company. USING DEBT FINANCING by ISSUING BONDS Debt Financing by Issuing Bonds LG

* * DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DEBT and EQUITY FINANCING Comparing Debt and Equity Financing LG5 Types of Financing ConditionsDebtEquity Management influence None. Unless special conditions have been agreed on. Common stock holders have voting rights. Repayment Debt has a maturity date. Stock has no maturity date. Yearly obligationsPayment of interest. The firm isn’t legally liable to pay dividends. Tax benefits Interest is tax deductible. Dividends are not tax deductible

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* * A company can secure equity financing by:  Selling shares of stock in the company.  Earning profits and using the retained earnings as reinvestments in the firm.  Attracting Venture Capital -- Money that is invested in new or emerging companies that some investors believe have great profit potential. SECURING EQUITY FINANCING Equity Financing LG

* * Leverage -- Raising funds through borrowing to increase the firm’s rate of return. Cost of Capital -- The rate of return a company must earn in order to meet the demands of its lenders and expectations of equity holders. USING LEVERAGE for FUNDING NEEDS LG5 Comparing Debt and Equity Financing 18-33

* * What are the two major forms of debt financing available to a firm? How does debt financing differ from equity financing? What are the major forms of equity financing available to a firm? What is leverage, and why do firms choose to use it? PROGRESS ASSESSMENT Progress Assessment 18-34

* * Name three finance functions important to the firm’s overall operations and performance. What three primary financial problems cause firms to fail? How do short-term and long-term financial forecasts differ? What’s the purpose of preparing budgets? Identify the different types. PROGRESS ASSESSMENT Progress Assessment 18-35

* * Why are accounts receivable a financial concern of the firm? What’s the primary reason an organization spends a good deal of its available funds on inventory and capital expenditures? What’s the difference between debt and equity financing? PROGRESS ASSESSMENT Progress Assessment 18-36