Intrasentential Prosody: Conjunction, speech rate and sentence length Hisao Tokizaki Sapporo University IDP07 Geneve

2 Goals To discuss the occurrence of phonological changes between two adjacent sentences in a discourse (Flapping, Linking-r). To propose a model of discourse-prosody interface without discourse/prosody units. To show that the label-free model naturally explains some factors in prosody: conjunction, speech rate and sentence length

3 Prosodic Category Utterance: Nespor and Vogel (1986) Voicing Assimilation in Mexican Spanish (1) a. Los dos. Dámelos. [losz ∂ósz dámelos] ‘Both of them. Give them to me.’ b. Los dos. || Dámelos. [losz ∂ós dámelos] Flapping, the Linking-r and the Intrusive-r (2) a. It’s late. I’m leaving. ->.. la[ ɾ ] I’m.. b. Where’s Esther? I need her. -> Esthe[r] I.. c. Call Anna. It’s late. ->.. Anna[r] It’s..

4 Problems of the Prosodic Category Analysis (3)[ U It’s late] [ U I’m leaving] -> [ U It’s la[ ɾ ] I’m leaving] U-Restructuring (4)a.The two sentences must be relatively short. b.There must not be a pause between the two sentences. Q: How short? A vague condition Rate of speech, which “appears to play a role in a type of trade-off relation with length” (N&V), is not taken into account.

5 Linearizing structure with silence (5)Interpret boundaries of syntactic constituents [... ] as prosodic boundaries /... /. (6)a.[[ X ] [[ Y ][ Z ]]] XYZ b.// X /// Y // Z ///

6 Prosodic phrasing by boundary deletion (7)Delete n boundaries between words. (n: a natural number) (8)a./ X // Y / Z //(n=1) -> (X) (Y) (Z) (6)b.// X /// Y // Z /// b.X / Y Z /(n=2) -> (X) (Y Z) c.X Y Z(n=3) -> (X Y Z)

7 Bare phrase structure without phonologically null elements (9)Alice loves hamsters. (10)a.[ IP [ NP [ N’ [ N Alice]]] [ I’ I [ VP [ V’ [ V loves] [ NP [ N’ [ N hamsters]]]]]]] b.[ IP [ N Alice] [ I’ I [ VP [ V loves] [ N hamsters]]]] (12)Phonologically null elements and the constituents made by merging them with other syntactic objects are invisible to phonological rules. (11)[ IP [ N Alice] [ VP [ V loves] [ N hamsters]]]]

8 Prosodic phrasing of a sentence (13)[[Alice] [[loves] [hamsters]]] (14)// Alice /// loves // hamsters /// (15)a./ Alice // loves / hamsters //(n=1) --> (Alice) (loves) (hamsters) b.Alice / loves hamsters /(n=2) --> (Alice) (loves hamsters) c.Alice loves hamsters(n=3) --> (Alice loves hamsters)

9 Constituent Structure of Discourse (16)a. *He came in and John was tired. b. *He came in. John was tired. (17) a.Intrasentential anaphora between elements ,  depends on the relative hierarchical relations of (the Ss containing) , . b.Coordination structures fall under X-bar theory and have conjunctions as their heads. c.In their default form, discourses are extended coordinations.(Larson 1990)

10 Constituent Structure of Discourse (18)&P S&' He came in&S (and) John was tired (19)[ &P [ IP It’s late] [ &’ & [ IP I’m leaving]]]

11 The length of sentences (20)[[It’s late] [I’m leaving]] // It’s late // I’m leaving // (21) [[It’s [very late]] [[Irene [and I]] [are leaving]]] (22)a.It’s late I’m leaving (n=2) ->.. la[ ɾ ] I’m.. b.It’s very late // Irene and I / are leaving (n=2) --.. late Irene../*.. la[ ɾ ] Irene.. // It’s / very late //// Irene / and I /// are leaving ///

12 Speech rate (20)[[It’s late] [I’m leaving]] // It’s late // I’m leaving // (22)It’s late I’m leaving (n=2) ->.. la[ ɾ ] I’m.. (23)/ It’s late / I’m leaving /(n=1) --.. late I’m..

13 Prosody and positive conjunctions and, therefore, and because (24)a.You invite Charlotte. I’ll invite Joan.->[ ɾ ] b.Isabelle’s a lawyer. I’m a doctor. -> [r] (25)a.It’s late. I’m leaving. ->.. la[ ɾ ] I’m.. b.I’m shorter. I’ll go in the back. -> shorte[r] (26)a.Take your coat. It’s cold out. -> coa[ ɾ ] It’s b.Hide the vodka. Alvin’s coming. -> vodka[r]

14 Prosody and negative conjunctions or and but (27)a.Stop that. I’ll leave otherwise.-> *tha[ ɾ ] b.Finish your pasta. I’ll eat it otherwise. *[r] (28)a.It’s late. I’m not leaving though. ->*la[ ɾ ] b.I didn’t invite Peter. I should have though. -> *... Pete[r] I... (29)a. The tall and frail student flunked chemistry. b. The tall yet frail student flunked chemistry.

15 Phrase structure of positive and negative conjunctions (30)a.[[Stop that] [[I’ll leave] otherwise]] // It’s late /// I’m / not leaving // though // (30)b.[[It’s late] [[I’m [not leaving]] though]] // Stop that /// I’ll leave / otherwise // (32)[[It’s late] [I’m leaving]] // It’s late // I’m leaving // la[ ɾ ] *la[ ɾ ] (n=2)

16 Conclusion 1/2 The bare mapping theory explains when phonological rules operate across sentences. The mapping rule interprets syntactic boundaries in hierarchical discourse structure as prosodic boundaries. If a sentence becomes longer, then it may have more syntactic and prosodic boundaries before and after it. The faster the speaker utters sentences, the more prosodic boundaries are deleted.

17 Conclusion 2/2 We can take into account the factors of sentence length, speech rate and conjunction types. Optional application of phonological rules is also explained by changing the number of boundaries to be deleted. The mapping rule and the boundary deletion rule give us a good model of discourse prosody. They straightforwardly explain the effects of conjunc-tion types, speech rate and the length of sentences.

I would also like to thank: The organizers of IDP07, Geneve KUWANA Yasutomo, Sapporo University William Green, Sapporo University KAGA Nobuhiro, Tsukuba University This work is supported by Sapporo University and Grant in Aid for Scientific Reserch Merci beaucoup!

References Cooper, W. E. & J. Paccia-Cooper (1980), Syntax and Speech, Harvard University Press. Larson, R. K. (1990), «Double objects revisited: Reply to Jackendoff», Linguistic Inquiry 21, Nespor, M. & I. Vogel (1986) Prosodic Phonology, Dordrecht, Foris. Posner, M. I. (1973) Cognition: An introduction, Glenview, Ill. : Scott, Foresman. Selkirk, E. O. (1984) Phonology and syntax: The relation between sound and structure, MIT Press. Tokizaki, H. (1999), «Prosodic phrasing and bare phrase structure», NELS 29, vol. 1, Tokizaki, H. (2005), «Pause and hierarchical structure in sentence and discourse», Proceedings of IDP05. Tokizaki, H. (2006), Linearizing structure with silence : A minimalist theory of syntax-phonology interface, Doctoral dissertation, the University of Tsukuba.