Meccanismi di riparazione Donata Orioli

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Presentation transcript:

Meccanismi di riparazione Donata Orioli Risposta cellulare al danno Ivana Scovassi RNA Giuseppe Biamonti

Riunione CNAO-CNR-INFN Difetti nei meccanismi di riparazione del DNA e malattie associate Donata Orioli/Giovanni Maga 29 Febbraio 2016 Riunione CNAO-CNR-INFN

DNA Repair systems DNA damaging agents Il DNA (la molecola che all’interno della cellula preserva l’informazione/il patrimonio genetico) è continuamente esposto ad agenti/fattori che ne danneggiano la struttura e/o la sequenza (l’informazione contenuta nel DNA). Le lesioni al DNA spesso interferiscono con il normale processo vitale e metabolico delle cellule, per questo le cellule hanno adottato diversi meccanismi di riparazione del DNA. DNA Repair systems 4

Cellular metabolism exogenus agents endogenous agents Replication errors Oxidative stress Cellular metabolism exogenus agents endogenous agents UV light exposure Chemical exposure Ionizing radiation Gli agenti danneggianti posso essere definiti esogeni alle cellule quando provengono da fonti esterne oppure endigeni quando la fonte deriva dal metabolismo cellulare. Ad esempio il DSB può essere riparato da …. E la scelata dipende dallo stato proliferativo della cellula

Hereditary disorders associated with defects in nucleotide-excision repair (NER) Donata Orioli Elena Botta Tiziana Nardo Fiorenzo A. Peverali Incoming UV Photon Before After Repair by the NER pathway

NER sub-pathways in human cells Global genome repair Transcription-coupled repair NER sub-pathways in human cells Damage recognition XPC-hHR23B-centrin2 DDB complex (p127-XPE) CSB CSA Open complex formation XPG TFIIH RPA XPA The NER pathways recognize the lesions present in the genome by two distinct sub-pathways At least 30 different proteins are involved in the NER pathway. Porto 2011 The products of the seven NER genes (XP-A through G) are involved in the repair of ultraviolet-induced photoproducts in DNA by the process of nucleotide excision repair (NER) . The XPC and XPE proteins are needed to recognise the photoproducts in DNA. XPB and XPD are part of a protein complex TFIIH, which opens up the structure of the DNA around the site of the photoproduct. XPA protein verifies that proteins are in the correct position (stabilize the open complex) and then the nucleases XPG and XPF cut the DNA on either side of the damage, so that the damaged section can be removed and replaced with intact DNA Incision / Excision XPG ERCC1-XPF DNA repair synthesis Ligation

Clinical and genetic heterogeneity of hereditary disorders defective in nucleotide-excision repair XERODERMA PIGMENTOSUM- XP Cutaneous alterations and tumors in the sun-exposed areas of the skin XP/ CS XPA, XPC, XPE, XPF XPG XPB, XPD Physical and mental retardation Hair abnormalities TTDA TRICHOTHIODYSTROPHY- TTD CSA, CSB COCKAYNE SYNDROME- CS Aging and neurodegeneration

Collection of patient material In vitro establishment of cell strains and lines from patients and their relatives; Evaluation of the DNA repair defect; Identification of the gene/mutations responsible for the pathological phenotype. to confirm clinical diagnosis; to collect new material from homozygous and heterozygous carriers with NER defects; to identify new NER genes; to establish the relationship between clinical symptoms and molecular defects

Tandem Affinity Purification (TAP) Generation of isogenic cell lines to dissect the multiple functions of CSA and its involvement in Cockayne syndrome  RMCE CS cells ROS KBrO3 Menadione Per meglio comprendere la funzione delle proteine NER nelle cellule e poichè spesso la variabilità tra individui rende difficoltosa l’analisi, utilizziamo approcci di biologia molecolare come la tecnica di ricombinazione sito specifca mediata dalla ricombinasi Cre per creare linee cellulari isogeniche che esprimono le forme wild type o mutate delle proteine NER. Mediante TAP isoliamo i complessi associati alla proteine NER o alle corrispondenti forme mutate, in condizioni di crescita cellulare basale o in risposta a danno, e di identificarne l’identità mediante spettrometria di massa. Questo ci permette di identificare all’interno di uno stesso background genetico, i pathway molecolari che coinvolgono le proteine NER, come questi cambiano in risposta al danno o in presenza di specifiche mutazioni UV irradiation wtCSAFlag-HA Flag HA Flag HA E52V-CSAFlag-HA Flag HA Q106P-CSAFlag-HA Flag HA Tandem Affinity Purification (TAP) K174A-CSAFlag-HA Mass Spectrometry

1. Production and analysis of Pcna-targeted mouse mutants. Carla Tribioli, Ennio Prosperi, Roberta Ricotti, Grace Azar at IGM Pavia SPECIFIC AIM: 1. Production and analysis of Pcna-targeted mouse mutants. 2. To define in vivo the role of Pcna in controlling cell proliferation and tumor promotion and progression. 3. Possible application as in vivo model to analyze the DNA damage response pathways induced by hadrontherapic treatments. MOUSE MODELS FOR STUDYING PCNA (Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen) GENE MUTATIONS IN VIVO Heinz Jacobs at The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan, Amsterdam. All’interno dell’Istituto, La Dr.ssa Carla Tribioli utilizza la tecnica di ricombinazione omologa in cellule embrionali staminali di topo per creare modificazioni sito-specifiche. In collaborazione con il gruppo del Dr. Ennio Prosperi ha generato cellule mutate nel gene che codiica per la proteina PCNA

Replication errors Oxidative stress Cellular metabolism UV light exposure Chemical exposure Ionizing radiation Una proteina che svolge ruolo importante in diversi processi di riparazione del DNA che prevedono sintesi di nuove molecole di DNA

1. Production and analysis of Pcna-targeted mouse mutants. Carla Tribioli, Ennio Prosperi, Roberta Ricotti, Grace Azar at IGM Pavia SPECIFIC AIM: 1. Production and analysis of Pcna-targeted mouse mutants. 2. To define in vivo the role of Pcna in controlling cell proliferation and tumor promotion and progression. 3. Possible application as in vivo model to analyze the DNA damage response pathways induced by hadrontherapic treatments. MOUSE MODELS FOR STUDYING PCNA (Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen) GENE MUTATIONS IN VIVO Heinz Jacobs at The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan, Amsterdam. Questo approccio permette di generare cellule e anche modelli di topo che mancano del gene PCNA in modo da definire in vivo il ruolo di quest proteina nel controllo della proliferazione cellulare ma anche della progressione tumorale

DNA damage response: regulation of DNA repair mechanisms Ennio Prosperi IGM-CNR Research field DNA damage response: regulation of DNA repair mechanisms background Altered DNA damage response is typical of tumor cells Malfunction of DNA repair occurs frequently in different human diseases Aims: 1- to study molecular mechanisms regulating efficiency of DNA repair mechanisms by evaluating the role of : - protein-protein interactions (interactions between cell cycle regulators and DNA repair factors) - post-translational modifications (e.g. acetylation of DNA repair factors, such as PCNA, XPG etc.) 2- to evaluate DNA repair efficiency in human syndromes (e.g. Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome with mutations in CREBBP/EP300 acetyl transferase genes and reduced protein acetylation). 3- to identify action mechanisms of chemical inhibitors of cell proliferation A questo riguardo il gruppo del Dr. Prosperi si occupa di studiare le modificazioni post-traduzionali, in particolare l’acetilazione di proteine coinvolte nei meccanismi di riparazione del DNA, tra cui PCNA. Si avvale della tecnica di immunofluorescenza e di biochimica per studiare le interazioni tra le proteine coinvolte nei meccanismi di riparazione e le proteine che regolano il ciclo cellulare. Inoltre, valuta l’attività di riparazione in alcune sindrome umani caratterizzate da ridotta acetilazione People: Francesca Aredia, post-doc Ilaria Dutto, post-doc Supported by:

Hereditary disorders associated with defects in Translesion synthesis (TLS) Translesion synthesis Replication DNA DNA Replication Un altro modello di studio utilizzato nel nostro istituto è rappresentato dalle patologie ereditarie associare alla sintesi translesione. Questo non è un meccanismo di riparazione ma piuttosto un meccanismo di tolleranza al danno che permette alle cellule di replicare anche in presenza di lesioni che non sono state riparate. Quando è possibile, la cellula preferisce replicare il proprio DNA inserendo delle mutazioni piuttosto che bloccare totalmente la replicazione del DNA ed andare incontro a meccanismi infasti quali la morte cellulare. Il 14.6% dei pazienti con fenotipo tipico dello Xeroderma Pigmentoso non presentano alterazioni nel pathway del NER ma nella translesion synthesis Questo meccansmo utilizza speciali proteine, polimerasi che spesso inseriscono mutazioni (alterazioni dell’informazione contenuta nella sequenza del DNA). I pazienti affetti dalla forma cosìdetta XP variante presentano mutazioni nel gene che codofica la polimerasi Eta che permette alla cellula di superare i danni causati dalla luce ultravioletta e sfuggiti al NER. 14.6% of the XP cases in the Italian population are mutated in the POLH gene and are affected by the XP variant (XP-V) form

ANALYSIS OF DNA REPLICATION IN PRESENCE OF DAMAGE AND DAMAGE TOLERANCE Q: HOW CAN THE CELLS COMPLETE DNA REPLICATION WHEN COMPLEX DAMAGE IS PRESENT ? Simone Sabbioneda We focus our research on DNA polymerases that can specifically bypass a wide range of DNA adducts Analysis of nascent DNA 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 Time (s) 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 Diffuse polh Focal polh +HU Focal polh S phase Focal polh +UV Protein Dynamics (FRAP) DNA Fibres In Istituto, il gruppo del Dr. Sabbioneda si occupa di studiare I meccanismi molecolari coinvolti n questa forma di xeroderma pigmentosum e come le cellule possano completare la fase di replicazione del DNA nonostante la presenza di lesioni. Utilizza tecniche diverse che permettono di misurare il DNA nascente e la dinamica delle proteine mediante la tecnica FRAP. La rilevanza delle polimerasi nei processi di riparazione/rimozione danno ossidativo è anche argomento di ricerca del Dr. Giovanni Maga e lascio a lui la parola affinchè spieghi quali sono le loro tematiche di ricerca Analysis of post-translational modifications

Repair DNA Polymerases DNA Enzymology & Molecular Virology Unit Hadron therapy - Biological effects Double Strand Breaks Cluster Lesions Oxidative Lesions Giovanni Maga Enzymology of Repair Cellular Response DSBs Repair Lesion Bypass Emmanuele Crespan DSBsR – Lesion bypass Repair DNA Polymerases In vitro In vivo Hadron Therapy causes a variety of DNA lesion including, DSB and oxidative lesions, that result in cluster of lesions. In response to therapy, cells activate specific repair system ->DSBs repair / Lesion bypass Repair polymerase have a crucial role in such pathways. - They are the DNA pols devote to DSBs repair in the majority of cancer cells – they are devote to bypass oxidative lesions – they are involved on the repair of «difficult to repair» cluster lesions We study the function of these enzymes using in vitro as well as in vivo systems to understand their role in cell tolerance toward DNA damage. Our aim is to identify new targets that could results in synthetic lethality in combination with radiotherapy Tolerance toward Radiation Therapy New Targets – Complementary Chemotherapy/Radiotherapy Federico Focher RNA Epigenetic Modifications Synthetic Lethality

Oxidative damage tolerance Survival pathways DNA repair imbalance Genomic instability Malignancy progression Repair DNA pols Lesion bypass End Joining pathways Oxidative damage tolerance Solita roba: nel cancro c’è sbilanciamento repair-> istabilità genomica -> fenotipo maligno. L’istabilità genomica però è pericolosa-> si attivano sistemi di sopravvivenza Al centro di questi pathway ci sono le polimerasi riparative che servono a riparare DSBs, lesioni ossidative e varie ed eventuali. Proprio questo tipo di lesioni sono i danni indotti dalla hadron therapy. Le DNA pols possono quindi rappresentare un fattore di sopravvivenza al trattamento con adroni -> se inibiamo DNA pols + adron therapy-> cell death solo del cancro bruto e cativo.

Oxidative damage tolerance Hadron Therapy Cluster Lesions Lesion bypass End Joining pathways Oxidative damage tolerance DSBs Repair DNA pols Cell Death Oxidative Damage