Chapter 14 Psychological Disorders

Figure 14.F01: Prevalance of Psychological Disorders among U.S. Adult Population Data from Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 593–602. oi: /archpsyc

Figure 14.F02: The biopsychosocial approach stresses the importance of examining all three factors that might contribute to a psychological disorder.

Figure 14.F03: A person who is suffering from a psychological disorder exhibits maladaptive behavior, statistically deviant behavior, and behavior causing significant distress.

Figure 14.F04: St. Elizabeth's Psychiatric Hospital, in Washington, D.C., was one of the sites of the Roesnhan Pseudopatient Study Courtesy of Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, [LC-USZ ]

Figure 14.F05: Example of the Diathesis-Stress Hypothesis

Figure 14.F06: The reciprocal gene-environment model suggests a feedback loop between stress and diathesis.

Figure 14.F07: Prevelance of Anxiety Disorders among U.S. Adult Population Data from Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 593–602. oi: /archpsyc

Figure 14.F08: Because crowded shopping centers wouldn’t be a good place to have a panic attack, people with agoraphobia avoid them. © Sculpies/Dreamstime.com

Figure 14.F09: Prevelance of the Most Common Specific Phobias among U.S. Adult Population Data from Eaton, W. W., Dryman, A., and Weissman, M. M. "Panic and Phobia." In Psychiatric Disorders in America: The Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study, ed. L. N. Robins and D. A. Regier, Simon and Schuster, 1991.

Figure 14.F10: Prevalence of social phobias among U.S. adult population. Data from Eaton, W. W., Dryman, A., and Weissman, M. M. "Panic and Phobia." In Psychiatric Disorders in America: The Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study, ed. L. N. Robins and D. A. Regier, Simon and Schuster, 1991.

Figure 14.F11: Prevalence of phobias among U.S. adult population. Data from Eaton, W. W., Dryman, A., and Weissman, M. M. "Panic and Phobia." In Psychiatric Disorders in America: The Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study, ed. L. N. Robins and D. A. Regier, Simon and Schuster, 1991.

Figure 14.F12: Percentage of common obsessions among U.S. adult population who have obsessive-compulsive disorder. Data from Rapoport. J. L. (1989, March). The biology of obsessions and compulsions. Scientific American, pp. 83–98.

Figure 14.F13: Percentage of common compulsions among U.S. adult population who have obsessive-compulsive disorder. Data from Rapoport. J. L. (1989, March). The biology of obsessions and compulsions. Scientific American, pp. 83–98.

Figure 14.F14: Limbic system structures such as the hypothalamus and thalamus may be involved with OCD.

Figure 14.F15: Neutotransmitters such as GABA have been implicated in OCD. Adapted from Ben Mills and Ephemeronium

Figure 14.F16: Anxious people attributed harmful meanings to the middle statement. Non-anxious people attributed benign meanings to the same statement. Adapted from Eysenck, M. W., Mogg, K., May, J., Richards, A., & Mathews, A. (1991). Bias in interpretation of ambiguous sentences related to threat in anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(2), 144–150. doi: / X

Figure 14.F17: The risk of bipolar disorder increases with genetic relatedness. Adapted from Gottesman, I. I. (1990). Schizophrenia Genesis: The Origins of Madness (1st ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman.

Figure 14.F18: Enlarged brain ventricles are often present in people with schizophrenia. © Mikhail Basov/Dreamstime.com

Figure 14.F19: Dr. Fallon studies brain images in people with antisocial personality disorder. © Daniel Anderson and courtesy of Dr. James Fallon

Figure 14.VO © AbleStock, © Geotrac/Dreamstime.com, © Pixtal/age fotostock, © Bryoni Castelijn/ShutterStock, Inc., © dundanim/ShutterStock, Inc., © Martin Novak/ShutterStock, Inc.

Table 14.T01: Multiaxial Assessment: Axis Categories and Descriptions

Table 14.T02: Sample DSM-IV-TR Multiaxial Axis Diagnosis

Table 14.T03: DSM-IV-TR : Key Diagnostic Categories

Table 14.T05: Somatoform Disorders Adapted from American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV-TR. American Psychiatric Publishing, 2000.

Table 14.T06: Dissociative Disorders Adapted from American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV-TR. American Psychiatric Publishing, 2000.

Table 14.T07: Mood Disorders Adapted from American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV-TR. American Psychiatric Publishing, 2000.

Table 14.T08: Major Symptoms of Depression

Table 14.T09: Psychotic Disorders Adapted from American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV-TR. American Psychiatric Publishing, 2000.

Table 14.T10: Personality Disorders Adapted from American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV-TR. American Psychiatric Publishing, 2000.

Table 14.T11: Borderline Personality Disorders Adapted from American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV-TR. American Psychiatric Publishing, 2000.

Figure 14.UN01: If a person lines up her fries before she eats them, it might be unusual, but it’s not likely to be a disorder. © Ingram Publishing/age fotostock

Figure 14.UN02: Someone whose behavior varies from the norm does not necessarily have a disorder. © Oleg Seleznev/Dreamstime.com

Figure 14.UN03: Generalized anxiety disorder is marked by worry. © Jason Stitt/ShutterStock, Inc.

Figure 14.UN04: A panic attack is a period of intense fear and discomfort. © Geotrac/Dreamstime.com

Figure 14.UN05: Snakes are a common specific phobia. © Mircea BEZERGHEANU/ShutterStock, Inc.

Figure 14.UN06: Public speaking is a common social phobia. © Jonathan Souza/Dreamstime.com

Figure 14.UN07: Did you lock your car today? © sommthink/ShutterStock, Inc.

Figure 14.UN08: The fear of fire caused by an unattended flame is an example of a fear associated with obsession. © Valeev/ShutterStock, Inc.

Figure 14.UN09: Hand washing is a common compulsion. © Muriel Lasure/ShutterStock, Inc.

Figure 14.UN10: Traumas include witnessing harm or injury. © Kileman/Dreamstime.com

Figure 14.UN11: In a somatization disorder, the focus is on the physical symptoms rather than a disease. © Pixtal/age fotostock

Figure 14.UN12: Physical symptoms can sometimes be somatoform disorders. © Robert Kneschke/ShutterStock, Inc.

Figure 14.UN13: Numbness in just the hand can be a sign of a conversion disorder. © Jose Gil/Dreamstime.com

Figure 14.UN14: Forgetfulness in dissociative amnesia is greater than normal forgetfulness. © Lyn Baxter/Dreamstime.com

Figure 14.UN15: Although sadness is a symptom of major depressive disorder, one can meet the criteria for depression without being sad. © DNF-Style Photography/ShutterStock, Inc.

Figure 14.UN16: Excessive involvement in risky behaviors, such as excessive shopping can, be a sign of mania. © Andrey Kiselev/Dreamstime.com