Ch 31 Notes Goal 11

Latinos Fight for Change During 1960’s Latino population grows from 3 million to 9 million Includes people from Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Central and South America Encountered discrimination, lived in segregated neighborhoods, had a jobless rate 50% higher than that of whites Higher poverty rate Language discrimination

Cesar Chavez Many Latinos did work in CA fruit and vegetable farms for little pay and no benefits Cesar Chavez worked to unionize the farm workers 1962 he established the National Farm Workers Association 1966 it became known as the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee 1965 CA grape growers refused to recognize union, so union launched a nonviolent protest against them were eventually successful in getting recognition and better working conditions

Cultural Pride and Political Power “Brown Power” Began in NY with Puerto Rican community, demand that schools offer Spanish-speaking children classes taught in their language and cultural programs 1968 Bilingual Education Act, provides funds for schools to develop bilingual education for ALL non-English speakers Latinos began to run for (and were elected) for political office to enact change from within the system

Native Americans fight for change Often viewed a homogenous group, but made up of many tribes and nations, very diverse As a group have had the lowest income, education, and greater risk for TB and alcoholism, and higher death rate Native American groups met in Chicago and drafted the Declaration of Indian Purpose, stressed the determination of Native Americans to live their own life (gov’t not say where they can and can’t live) 1968 LBJ establishes National Council on Indian Opportunity,

Native American fight for change American Indian Movement (AIM), 1968; began as a self-defense (especially against police brutality) Demand for ancestral lands, increases 1975 Indian Self Determination and Education Assistance Act, series of laws that gave tribes greater control over their own affairs and over their children’s education

Women Fight for Equality In 1920 the 19 th Amendment was passed giving women the right to vote (Women’s Suffrage) In the 1960’s Feminism was the belief that women should have economic, political, and social equality with men In 1963 Betty Friedan’s Feminine Mystique identified the “problem that has no name” Women were not happy in the 1950’s (Men’s work v Women’s work) In the 1960’s women were forced into clerical work, retail, social work, nursing, and teaching

Women’s Activism of the 1960’s Women were members of SNCC and SDS, and active in the civil rights movement In women including Friedan founded the National Organization for Women (NOW) NOW fought against gender bias in hiring and in the workplace and pushed for child- care facilities gbKU

In 1969, a journalist and political activist Gloria Steinem joined the feminist movement She founded the National Women’s Party Caucus In 1972 she founded and wrote for Ms. (Women’s Magazine)

Roe V Wade Feminist groups supported a woman’s right to chose to have an abortion In 1973 the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the feminists Extremely Controversial Pro-Choice v Pro-Life

The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) Congress passed the ERA in 1972, it was first introduced in 1923 (Men and Women same rights and protections) 38 states needed to ratify it to make it part of the Constitution ( 35 received) A Stop-ERA campaign was launched by conservative religious groups, and anti- feminists led by Phyllis Schlafly Radical Feminist “hate men, marriage, and children” Fears of women being drafted, no husband responsibility, and possible same-sex marriages

Changes for Women Title IX (1973):prohibits gender discrimination in any federally-funded education program Evidence, girls sports = boys sports (opportunities)

Counter Culture Movement made up of mostly white, middle-class college youths who had grown disllusioned with the war in Vietnam and injustices in American during the 1960s

Hippies “Tune In, Turn On, Drop Out” Timothy Leary and LSD Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco _ndMBI Decline of the Movement with Violence –Manson Murders Drug Deaths –Hendrix and Joplin 1970