8-1 Chapter 09 Lecture *

8-2 JOINT DAY

8-3 Articulations or Joints Articulation or Joint –Place where two bones come together –Freely movable to limited to no apparent movement –Structure correlated with movement Named –According to bones or parts united at joint –According to only one of articulating bones –By Latin equivalent of common name

8-4 Classes of Joints Structural: Based on major connective tissue type that binds bones –Fibrous –Cartilaginous –Synovial Functional: Based on degree of motion –Synarthrosis: Nonmovable –Amphiarthrosis: Slightly movable –Diarthrosis: Freely movable

8-5 Fibrous Joints Characteristics –United by fibrous connective tissue –Have no joint cavity –Move little or none Types –Sutures –Syndesmoses –Gomphoses

8-6 Syndesmoses Bones farther apart than suture and joined by ligaments Some movement may occur

8-7 Gomphoses Specialized joints Pegs that fit into sockets Inflammations –Gingivitis –Periodontal disease

8-8 Cartilaginous Joints Unite two bones by means of cartilage Types –Synchondroses Joined by hyaline Little or no movement –Symphyses Fibrocartilage uniting two bones

8-9 Synchondroses

8-10 Synovial Joints Allow considerable movement Most joints that unite bone of appendicular skeleton Complex –Articular cartilage and disks –Joint cavity and capsule –Synovial membrane and fluid Bursae –Pockets of synovial fluid –Bursitis

8-11 Types of Synovial Joints Plane or gliding Saddle Hinge Pivot Ball-and-socket Ellipsoid

8-12 Plane and Pivot Joints Plane or Gliding joints –Monoaxial –Example:Articular processes between vertebrae Pivot joints –Monoaxial –Example: Articulation between dens of axis and atlas

8-13 Saddle and Hinge Joints Saddle Joints –Biaxial –Example: Thumb Hinge Joints –Monoaxial –Example: elbow, knee

8-14 Ellipsoid and Ball-and-Socket Joints Ellipsoid –Modified ball-and- socket –Biaxial –Example: Atlantooccipital joint Ball-and-socket –Multiaxial –Examples: shoulder and hip joints

8-15 Types of Movement Gliding Angular –Flexion and Extension Hyperextension Plantar and Dorsiflexion –Abduction and Adduction Circular –Rotation –Pronation and Supination –Circumduction

8-16 Flexion and Extension

8-17 Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion

8-18 Abduction and Adduction

8-19 Rotation and Pronation and Supination

8-20 Circumduction

8-21 Special Movements Unique to only one or two joints Types –Elevation and Depression –Protraction and Retraction –Opposition and Reposition –Inversion and Eversion

8-22 Elevation and Depression

8-23 Protraction and Retraction

8-24 Excursion

8-25 Opposition and Reposition

8-26 Inversion and Eversion

8-27 Range of Motion Amount of mobility demonstrated at a given joint Types –Active –Passive Influenced by –Shape of articular surfaces forming joint –Amount and shape of cartilage covering surfaces –Strength and location of ligaments and tendons –Location of muscles associated with joint –Amount of fluid in and around joint –Amount of use/disuse of joint –Amount of pain in and around joint

8-28 Temporomandibular Joint TMJ Combination plane and ellipsoid joint TMJ Disorders –Cause most chronic orofacial pain

8-29 Shoulder Joint

8-30 Elbow Joint

8-31 Hip Joint

8-32 Knee Joint Modified hinge joint Menisi: Fibrocartilage articular disks Cruciate ligaments: ACL and PCL Collateral ligaments: Fibular and tibial

8-33 Knee Injuries and Disorders Football injuries Bursitis Chondromalacia –Softening of cartilage Hemarthrosis: –Acute “Water on the knee” –Slower accumulation

8-34 Ankle Joint Highly modified hinge joint Ligaments of arch –Hold bones in proper relationship –Transfer weight

8-35 Effects of Aging on Joints Tissue repair slows Production of synovial fluid declines Ligaments and tendons become less flexible Decrease in ROM

8-36 Joint Disorders Arthritis –Osteoarthritis: Wear and tear –Rheumatoid: Caused by transient infection or autoimmune disease Joint infections –Lyme disease: Tick vector Gout –Metabolic disorders of unknown cause (idiopathic)

KANDEH37 JOINT DISEASES DISLOCATION:  LUXATION – BONES ARE DISPLACED AS SURROUNDING STRUCTURES ARE TORN [LIGAMENTS, TENDONS &CAPSULES]  SYMPTOMS: IMMOBILITY, PAIN, SWELLING & SHOCK  SUBLUXATION: PARTIAL DISPLACEMENT OF BONES  SPRAIN: TWISTING OF JOINT ESPECIALLY[ANKLE OR LOWER BACK AREA  INVOLVES NO DISLOCATION  SURROUNDING STRUCTURES ARE DAMAGED  SYMPTOMS: PAIN, SWELLING & LOSS OF MOBILITY IN SEVERE CASES STRAIN: MUSCLE IS OVERSTRETCHED[LESS SEVERE THAN SPRAIN] RHEUMATISM: PAIN IN SUPPORTING STRUCTURES OF BODY. INCLUDES ARTHRITIS

KANDEH38 JOINT DISEASES CONTD.  RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS: AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE IN WHICH THE IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS THE LINING OF JOINTS & CARTILAGE  OSTEOARTHRITIS NONINFLAMMATORY DISEASE OF MOVABLE JOINTS DUE TO AGING & WEAR AND TEAR. ARTICULAR CARTILAGE BREAKS DOWN AND BONE ENDS ARE EXPOSED  GOUTY ARTHRITIS: ACCUMULATION OF URIC ACID IN SOFT TISSUES OF JOINTS. DAMAGES ARTICULAR CARTILAGE  LYME DISEASE: CAUSE BY BORRELIA burgdorferi (bacteria) which is transmitted by deer ticks. Stages: 1 st. Rash, flu-like symptoms. 2 nd. Bell’s palsy. 3 rd. Arthritis develops