New Monarchs and Exploration High probability area for the AP Exam. In the past 10 years, 8 FRQs have come from this chapter.

I. “New” Monarchs Foundation for modern nation-states France, England and Spain New monarchs not absolute monarchs until 17 th century Authority to make their own laws Incorporating the will of the people

II. Characteristics of the New Monarchs Reduced power of nobility Reduced power of the clergy Created efficient bureaucracies Increase influence of the bourgeoisie Increased national debt Opposition from nobles, clergy and independent towns

III. France Political and economic recovery from Hundred Years War Rise of the Valois line of monarchs Louis XI-Spider King ( ) – Large royal army – Ruthless – Increase in taxes – Exerted power over the clergy – Economic growth – International treaties Francis I ( ) – Concordat of Bologna – Taille-tax on land and property

IV. England War of the Roses- York and Lancaster families fight for English crown. Yorkists give rise to Tudor Dynasty Henry VII ( ) – Star Chamber – Nobles power reduced – Parliament gains power Henry VIII ( ) – Broke away from Catholic Church – Expanded royal bureaucracy – Most powerful English crown

V. Spain Ferdinand ( ) and Isabella ( ) Wanted to remove Moors and Jews Christianize Spain Hermandades Spanish Inquisition- enforced national church – Targeted the Jews – Cardinal Ximenes reformed the abuses of the church prior to 1500

VI. The Holy Roman Empire 300 German States Not a New Monarchy Hapsburg dynasty never able to gain complete control. Maximilian I ( ) – Gained territory through marriage – Foundation of the Valois and Hapsburg conflict Charles V ( ) – Most powerful ruler in 16 th century – Controlled Austrian Hapsburg lands + Spanish empire at the height of its power – Ended the Renaissance in Rome 1527 – Hapsburg-Valois Wars – Sought to prevent the spread of Protestantism

VII. The Commercial Revolution Causes – Population growth= more consumers – price revolution-increased food prices, increased volume of money, influx of gold/silver – States emerge w/desire to expand empire – Capitalism and entrepreneurs – Middle class (bourgeoisies)

VII. The Commercial Revolution Features – Banking – Hanseatic League – Chartered companies – Joint-stock companies – Stock markets – Enclosure movement – “putting out” system – New industries and consumer goods – Mercantilism- favorable balance of trade with more exports than imports – Bullionism- sell more goods than you buy in order to acquire as much silver as possible

VII. The Commercial Revolution Significance – Transition from rural society to town centered society – Nation-states gain power – Caused Age of Exploration – Price Revolution – Nobles suffered – Bourgeoisie grew in political and economic strength – Increased standard of living

VIII. Age of Exploration God, Gold and Glory Renaissance Cartography advancements Technological advancements – Magnetic compass, astrolabe, etc. Ships – Caravel, sail – gunpowder Commercial Revolution

IX. Portugal Motives: economic and religious Prince Henry the Navigator ( ) – Leader of exploration Bartholomew Diaz ( ) – Rounded the tip of Africa Vasco da Gama ( ) Route to India Amerigo Vespucci ( ) – Explored Brazil- major colony

X. Spain Christopher Columbus Bartholomew de las Casas Vasco de Balboa Ferdinand Magellan Spanish Conquistadores “Golden Age of Spain” Encomienda system- meant to reduce the number Mestizos-mixed children Creoles-spaniards born in the New World

XI. “Old Imperialism” of Africa and Asia Establishment of ports and forts on the cost – Did not conquer entire regions or exploit Contrast to new imperialism’s exploitation of the populations Dutch Republic establishes the Dutch East India Company England was late to exploration

XII. Features of Exploration Slave trade Columbian Exchange Disease Diet Animals Slavery

XIII. Life in the 16 th and 17 th century Social Hierarchy Demography Witch Hunts Women seen as weak and prone to temptations Misogyny (hatred of women) Midwives blamed for childbirth

Questions due Monday, April 19th 1. Who were the “New Monarchs?” How did they go about centralizing power in their states? To what extent were they successful? 2. What were the causes and features of the Commercial Revolution? How did it impact European society politically, economically and socially between ? 3. Analyze the role that knowledge, politics and technology played in European exploration between Compare and contrast the imperialism of African and Asia with the European domination of the New World between Analyze causes for the rise of the Spanish Empire and features of Spain’s rule in the New World. 6. Analyze the impact of the Columbian Exchange on European society.