Conflict and absolutism in Europe ESSENTIAL QUESTION: How does the exercise of absolute power affect a country?

TEKS and Objectives We will… I will… (20A) explain the development of democratic-republican government from its beginnings in the English Civil War (20B) identify the political and legal ideas contained in the English Bill of Rights (24B) describe the influences of women such at Elizabeth I. Summarize how absolute monarchs obtained and exercised power

Revolutions in England Elizabeth I 1533-1603 No heir to the throne James I (1603-1625) Gunpowder Plot: failed assassination by English Catholics Divine Right of Kings: the belief that the king gets his power from God and not from his subjects Refused to work with Parliament Puritans: English Protestants who believed that the Church of England needed more reform Formed an important part of the English Parliament

Revolutions in England Charles I (1625-1649) Tried to raise money without Parliament Imprisoned those who refused to pay The Petition of Right No taxes without consent of Parliament No imprisonment without cause No quartering of soldiers in homes No martial law during peacetime Effect: limited the power of the king and protected civil rights

English Civil War The Long Parliament Cavaliers: king’s army Summoned by Charles I to raise money Charles attempted to have members of Parliament arrested Cavaliers: king’s army Roundheads: Parliament’s army (New Model Army) led by Oliver Cromwell

The Commonwealth and the Protectorate Civil War outcome was threefold Trial and execution of Charles I Charles II (son) exiled Monarchy replaced by Commonwealth of England (republic) Oliver Cromwell (1653-1658) Leading commander of Parliamentary Army Lord Protector of the Protectorate (military dictatorship) Tried to “purify” England (banned make-up, sports, drinking, and Christmas) Terrorized English Catholics (sent children to work on plantations in West Indies)

The Restoration Period The Restoration: the return of the Stuart Monarchy Charles II (1660-1685) The Merry Monarch: cheerful, witty, and fond of good time Re-opened bars, brought back Christmas Charles II and Catholicism Catholic sympathizer Converted on his deathbed

The Glorious Revolution James II (1685-1688) Charles II’s brother and open Catholic Wife gave birth to a son (potential Catholic ruler) The Glorious Revolution Parliament asked William of Orange (Dutch) to invade James and his family fled Little bloodshed William and Mary (1689-1702) Both rulers were Protestant Willing to work with Parliament

Constitutional Monarchy English Bill of Rights Accepted by William and Mary Guaranteed certain rights of citizens Limited power of the crown Led to a Constitutional Monarchy Parliament is supreme head of the government

Rise of Absolute Rulers Absolutism: a political system in which a ruler holds total power

Absolutism in Europe Causes Effects Breakdown of Feudalism/Rise of Nation States Continuous warfare Need for money Exploration Declining influence of the Church Regulation of religion and society Loss of power by nobility and legislatures New government bureaucracies (state officials) Huge building projects

Characteristics of Absolute Monarchs Ruler has TOTAL power over a country Ruler leads for life Power is passed down through bloodlines (children) Divine Right: right to rule granted by God

Philip II King of Spain Great wealth from New World colonies Defender of Catholicism Claims Divine Right

Henry VIII Tudor King of England Breaks from Catholic Church Marries 6 times Daughter Elizabeth develops Anglican Church

Louis XIV King of France Called the “Sun King” Strongest army in Europe Builds the palace of Versailles

Peter the Great Czar of Russia Westernizes Russia Reduced power of nobility New Capital – St. Petersburg

Russia under Peter the Great