6/9 Focus: – The social sciences are broken up into fields of study. – Geographers look at how location impacts the development of groups and people. Do Now: – What major turning point/revolution allowed for the development of civilizations?

Regents Review

Economists Study the following: – Scarcity of resources – What a society should produce – How to produce it and for whom – Distribution of goods and services

Sociologists Study society and social behavior

Archeologists Study the physical artifacts of a society

Political Scientists Study the origin, development, and operation of political systems

Historians Research, analyze, and interpret the past Use primary and secondary sources

Anthropologists Study the origin and the physical, social, and cultural development of humans

Geographers Study the connection between people and the places where they live

1.Which social scientist specializes in studying issues such as the scarcity of resources and availability of goods? A.anthropologist B.sociologist C.economist D.archaeologist

2.Which aspect of social science would a geographer most likely study in depth? A.how beliefs influence the behavior of a group of people B.how economic events influence history C.how location influences the way people live D.how people influence governmental decisions

3.Which social scientists are best known for studying the physical artifacts of a culture? A.Geographers B.Archaeologists C.economists D.sociologists

4.When studying ancient civilizations, a geographer would be most interested in looking at A.language as a form of expression B.family structure C.climatic influences on food production D.standards for leadership

5.Historians value the writings of Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta because they A.serve as primary sources about trade and culture B.provide the basis for European holy books C.include advice on how to be a democratic ruler D.present unbiased views of life in Africa and Asia

Peninsula A body of land surrounded by water on three sides Italy, India, Korea, Iberian (Spain/Portugal)

Archipelago A group or chain of islands Japan

Strait A narrow body of water that connects two larger bodies of water Straits of Malacca, Bosporus and Dardanelles Straits

Plains Flat lands that have only small changes in elevation Great Plains

Steepe A plain with short grasses and without trees Central Asia

Physical Maps Show landmarks such as mountains, rivers, lakes, oceans, and other geographic features

Political Maps Show lines defining countries, states, cities, or territories; show borders

1.Which feature would most often be shown on a political map? A.topography B.type of climate C.capital cities D.elevation

Siberian Plain Sahara Desert Amazon Basin Mongolian Steppes 2.One characteristic common to these areas is that they all A.have a low population density B.are located between major river valleys C.are major religious centers D.have large areas of valuable farmland

3.Which heading best completes the partial outline below? I. ______________________________ A. Seafood makes up a large part of the Filipino diet. B. Africans built hydroelectric plants along the Zambezi River. C. The majority of Russians live west of the Ural Mountains. D. The most densely populated area of India is the Ganges River Valley. A.Rivers Are Barriers to Interdependence B.Economic Issues Influence National Goals C.Geography Affects Human Behavior D.Governments Control the Actions of Citizen

The fertile soil of river valleys allowed early civilizations to develop and flourish. In the 1500s and 1600s, control of the Strait of Malacca determined who traded in the Spice Islands. Because Japan is an island that is mostly mountainous, people live in densely populated areas along the coast. 4.Which conclusion is best supported by these statements? A.Major urban centers are found only along rivers. B.The geography of a nation or region influences its development. C.Without mountains and rivers, people cannot develop a culture. D.The spread of new ideas is discouraged by trade and conquest.

Development of Civilizations Review Questions

Paleolithic Era Nomadic People Hunter/Gathers Simple stone tools

Neolithic Era Development of farming and domestication of animals

Art/ArchitectureOrganized Religion

Cities Job Specialization

GovernmentPublic Works

System of Writing Social Classes

1.How did the introduction of agriculture affect early peoples? A.Societies became nomadic. B.Food production declined. C.Civilizations developed. D.Birthrates decreased rapidly.

2.Early peoples who moved frequently as they searched for the food they needed for survival are called A.hunters and gatherers B.village dwellers C.subsistence farmers D.guild members

3.Presence of public works, art and architecture, organized religions, and systems of writings are associated with: A.Economic Development in Ancient Egypt B.Cultural Diffusion in Mohenjo-Daro C.Features of the Old Stone Age D.Characteristics of Civilizations

4.The term “subsistence farmers” refers to people who grow: A.enough food to feed an entire village B.food to sell in village markets C.just enough food to meet the needs of the immediate family D.a single cash crop

Three common characteristics of river valley civilizations Similar Latitudes Annual flooding Long growing seasons/warm climates

Identify the civilization that each geographic characteristic is most closely associated. Nile River Valley Tigris & Euphrates Yellow River Indus River Monsoons Himalayas (2) Waterfalls and Sahara Desert Gobi Desert Hindu Kush Natural Barriers (3) Deccan Plateau Fertile Crescent Unpredictable River flooding (3) Predictable Flooding (1) Lack of Natural Barriers

Identify the civilization that each term is associated with: Ziggurats Pyramids Mohenjo-Daro Harappa Dynastic Cycle Aryans Hieroglyphics Cuneiform Oracle Bones Caste System Maurya and Gupta Empires Mandate of Heaven Pharaohs Gilgamesh

6/10 Focus: Do Now: – Complete the Regents Review Warm up Questions

The mountainous topography (terrain) of Greece resulted in widely scattered settlements that developed into many small independent city- states. (The geography of Greece prevented the ancient Greek city-states from uniting to form a single nation.)

The city-state of Athens practiced direct democracy. The city-state of Sparta was very different from Athens. – Sparta placed more emphasis on military service. Boys in Sparta were trained to be soldiers. – Sparta’s government was not democratic. People had little voice in government.

SOCRATES, PLATO, and ARISTOTLE were philosophers of ancient Greece. The AGE OF PERICLES in Athens was a GOLDEN AGE that produced outstanding contributions in the arts and sciences.

ALEXANDER THE GREAT’S conquests caused the expansion of HELLENISTIC CULTURE. The blending of GREEK, PERSIAN, EGYPTIAN, and INDIAN cultures into Hellenistic culture demonstrates cultural diffusion.

The Roman Empire extended over three continents, surrounding the MEDITERRANEAN SEA.

The Mediterranean Sea was the center of Roman TRADE. The Roman Empire grew wealthy because it developed extensive trade networks.

A SYSTEM OF ROADS helped unify the Roman Empire. – Note: A system of roads helped to unify the INCA EMPIRE in the Andes Mountains of South America, too.

The Romans developed a form of government known as the REPUBLIC Preserved GREEK CULTURE (Greco- Roman Culture) The Fall of the Roman Empire in 476 A.D. led to the start of the Middle Ages – Note the rise and fall of the Roman Empire is often compared with the HAN dynasty in China

The SHANG DYNASTY was China's first dynasty. During Shang rule, kings controlled small areas while loyal princes and nobles governed most of the land. To justify their rebellion against the Shang, the Zhou people promoted the idea of the MANDATE OF HEAVEN. The MANDATE OF HEAVEN is the Chinese belief in the DIVINE RIGHT to rule. This process explaining the rise and fall of dynasties is called the DYNASTIC CYCLE

SHI HUANGDI constructed the Great Wall of China. Over the centuries, the wall was extended and rebuilt several times. Eventually, it snaked for thousands of miles across northern China. Shi Huangdi centralized power following the principles of Qin LEGALISM. – Legalists believed that rulers must achieve order by passing STRICT LAWS and imposing HARSH PUNISHMENTS.

China grew wealthy because the Han dynasty developed extensive trade networks by opening the SILK ROAD

Like the Roman Empire, the Han dynasty promoted unity and communication by building a STRONG SYSTEM OF ROADS. ECONOMIC PROBLEMS Like the Roman Empire, The Han Empire collapsed because of FOREIGN INVASIONS, POLITICAL TURMOIL, ECONOMIC PROBLEMS, and a DECLINING MILITARY.

The Mauryan Empire controlled more of the Indian subcontinent than the Gupta Empire did. Expansion was limited by GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS (The Himalayas, the Hindu Kush Mountains, the Arabian Sea, and the Bay of Bengal).

Asoka promoted RELIGIOUS TOLERATION and established codified laws with the PILLARS OF ASOKA

During the era of the GUPTA EMPIRE, India experienced a golden age (a period of prosperity and artistic creativity). Art and literature flourished. Indian scholars contributed to mathematics by developing the DECIMAL SYSTEM and the CONCEPT OF ZERO.

Indian provinces were united after 200 years of civil war. Indians used the SANSKRIT LANGUAGE

Like Peter the Great of Russia, Mughal emperor AKBAR THE GREAT was an ABSOLUTE RULER who modernized and expanded his empire using ideas from other cultures. Akbar the Great is similar to Asoka because he promoted religious toleration

The architectural achievements of ancient Rome (e.g. the Coliseum), ancient Egypt (e.g. the Pyramids), and ancient China (e.g. the Great Wall of China) indicate that ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY existed in early civilizations. The PHOENICIANS are often referred to as the “carriers of civilization” because they traded goods and spread ideas throughout the Mediterranean region.