1 Fine Particle State Implementation Plan (SIP) Recommendations – Mobile Sources Amy M. Wainright, Esq. Environmental Planner, NOACA Presentation to TAC 9/21/07

Overview What is the problem? What is the process by which NOACA is helping to solve the problem? What are the recommendations for solving the problem? 2

3 The Problem: Fine Particle Nonattainment What is nonattainment? – Failure of an area to attain the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for a criteria pollutant Ozone, particulate matter (PM) (coarse PM 10 and fine PM 2.5 ), lead, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide What are the NAAQS? – Health-based air standards set by USEPA under the federal Clean Air Act – Deadlines for achieving the NAAQS are dictated by the Clean Air Act itself

4 Northeast Ohio and PM 2.5 PM 2.5 is particulate matter smaller than 2.5 micrometers in diameter – less than one-tenth the width of a human hair PM 2.5 has been found to be a contributor to lung disease, heart disease, and premature death NE Ohio is in nonattainment for the Annual PM 2.5 NAAQS of 15 µg/m 3 (3-year avg.)

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6 PM 2.5 Design Values ( averages – the “baseline”) Northeast Ohio: µg/m 3 Cincinnati: µg/m 3 Columbus: µg/m 3 Steubenville: µg/m 3 Detroit19.5 µg/m 3 Chicago17.7 µg/m 3 Pittsburgh16.9 µg/m 3 Annual Standard = 15 µg/m average for NE Ohio is µg/m 3 Attainment will be based on data.

7 PM 2.5 in 2002 and 2009 Lake Michigan Air Directors’ Consortium (LADCO)

8 Constituents of PM 2.5 Sulfates: Coal-fired power plants, generally in warm weather. Also sulfur in diesel and gasoline. Nitrates: NOx emitters, including industry, cars, trucks, buses, and non-road equipment, generally in cool weather. Ammonia: Agriculture. Carbon (elemental (EC) and organic mass (OMC)): Combustion. Crustal particles: Wind, fires, volcanoes, dirt, dust, road salt. Water.

9 Average Composition of PM 2.5 Detroit and Cincinnati

10 Sources of Organic Carbon Detroit and Cincinnati

What is the Process by which NOACA is Helping to Solve the Problem? Ohio EPA asked NOACA under a Memorandum of Understanding to: – Assist with baseline inventory – Investigate emissions reduction strategies – Assess which strategies have value – Make recommendations to Ohio EPA Perform all tasks through a public process 11

12 NOACA and the SIP Process NOACA Air Quality Public Advisory Task Force, chaired by Robert Klaiber, Cuyahoga County Engineer, , created recommendations. Air Quality Subcommittee, chaired by Robert Aufuldish, Lake County Commissioner, reviewed and adopted recommendations, TAC and PAC review and adopt recommendations, Governing Board reviews, adopts and submits to Ohio EPA – Nov-Dec State Implementation Plan (SIP) for PM 2.5 due from Ohio EPA to USEPA in April Attainment Deadline: April 2010.

13 What are the Recommendations for Solving the Problem? Mobile Sources – Described here Stationary Sources – Please see TAC mail-out memo Mobile and Stationary Sources were both addressed by the Task Force and AQ Subcommittee

14 Mobile Source Strategies

15 Scope of “Mobile Sources” Sources other than stationary, including: – On-road motor vehicles (cars, trucks, buses, motorcycles) – Non-road motor vehicles (construction equipment, airport ground support equipment) – Trains, ships, airplanes – Fuels – conventional and alternative – Transportation projects

16 The Six R’s of Diesel Cleanup Retrofit existing vehicles with pollution controls Refuel with cleaner fuels Replace older vehicles with clean technology vehicles Reduce idling Repair/Rebuild using engine maintenance and/or rebuilding Repower by replacing older engines with newer engines

Recommendations 17

18 1. Diesel On-Road Vehicles Recommendations – Public Fleets Mandatory best available retrofit technology (BART) for all government diesel vehicles, phased in over 2 years, if funding is supplied. – Public and Private Fleets Voluntary emissions reduction programs – grants/loans for public and private vehicles, and an educational campaign.

19 2. Diesel Non-Road Vehicles – Retrofit Financing Recommendations – Combining private financing with government grants – Low-interest financing – Technical assistance to construction equipment owners – State to provide information on grant and financing programs to all public and private fleets

20 3. Diesel Non-Road Vehicles – Public Works Projects Recommendation – Emissions performance specifications in contracts for public works projects. Could include: Idling time limits. Use of new or retrofitted diesel equipment. Use of alternatively fueled vehicles (electric, CNG, etc.) Overall emissions limits to allow flexibility for contractors – use of newer equipment compared to other work sites. Accelerated use of ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel and/or biodiesel in construction equipment.

21 FYI: Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel Timeline Required USEPA Standards for Low-Sulfur Diesel Fuel (parts per million (ppm) sulfur) (3,000 ppm sulfur represents conventional diesel) (“Ultra-Low” refers to 15 ppm) Category Highway15 Nonroad3, Marine/ Rail 3,

22 4. Reduce Idling from Public Fleets Recommendations – Mandatory statewide school bus idling regulation (Completed as of September 29, 2007) – Idling reduction regulations for transit and other public fleets (voluntary, eventually mandatory) – Loan programs for anti-idling equipment (auxiliary power units, cab heaters, etc.)

23 5. Reduce Idling from Private Fleets Recommendations – Voluntary idling program with educational outreach – Revolving loan or lease-to-own programs for anti- idling equipment (auxiliary power units, etc.) – Voluntary idling reductions from switchyard and line-haul locomotives

24 6. Truck Stop Electrification Recommendations – Identify key sites for truck stop electrification (TSE) – Financing program for TSE – Require new truck stops and rest areas to Include TSE infrastructure Same as in Ozone SIP recommendations.

25 7. Alternative Fuels and Vehicles Recommendations – Increased Use by Public and Private Fleets of Ethanol (E85) Biodiesel Natural Gas Propane Electric Vehicles

26 8. Roadside Diesel Truck Opacity Testing Recommendation – Roadside diesel truck opacity testing to check exhaust for excessive particulate emissions Ohio EPA responsibility First violation warning; second violation ticket and fine For all trucks and buses, public and private

27 9. Transportation Projects Recommendation – Request a Transportation Conformity analysis of the Cleveland Innerbelt Project to see whether non-road diesel construction equipment emissions, traffic congestion emissions during construction, and construction dust will cause the SIP emissions budget to be exceeded.

10. Fuel Testing Recommendation – Statewide testing of gasoline and diesel specifications at the supply source or at the tanks, checking for high sulfur content and other contaminants 28

Statewide Auto Standards Recommendation – Statewide safety/anti-tampering standards for all used vehicles (either at point-of-sale or biennially) to prevent “dumping” of poorly functioning vehicles in Ohio

30 12., 13. Marine Ports / Airports Recommendations – Truck traffic anti-idling policy at the Port of Cleveland/Cuyahoga County Same as in Ozone SIP recommendations. – Cleveland-Hopkins Airport ground support equipment (GSE) replacement with electric, CNG, or other clean technology Same as in Ozone SIP recommendations.

31 From “Stationary Sources” - Road Salt Recommendations – Use liquefied brine, as ODOT and some communities do now, to reduce total applied road salt – Strictly adhere to local salt minimization policies

32 “Show Me The Money” Funding possibilities – Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality (CMAQ) – Federal Diesel Emissions Reduction Act (DERA) – Grants from state programs Ohio EPA School Bus Retrofit Program State DERA Fund at ODOD – Grants from USEPA’s Mid-West Clean Diesel Initiative and SmartWay Program – Supplemental Environmental Projects (SEPs) (environmental fines) through USEPA and Ohio EPA – Ticket revenue from Roadside Diesel Opacity Testing – Creation of federal and state tax credits for retrofits

33 Conclusions Diesel on-road and non-road vehicles are significant contributors to the PM 2.5 nonattainment problem. Gasoline vehicles also contribute and were addressed by Ozone SIP Recommendations. Financial incentives are important to diesel retrofit and repowering initiatives.

Conclusions, cont. NOACA has many roles it can play, as they relate to areas such as: – Board Member CMAQ requests – Prioritization of SIP recommendations in the Regional Transportation Investment Policy – Public education and outreach – Sharing of information on state and federal incentives – Sharing of Member anti-idling ordinances, expertise, etc. Multiple approaches will be needed to bring Northeast Ohio into attainment for PM

35 Questions? Amy M. Wainright, NOACA – Pamela L. Davis, NOACA –