Bogotá and Transmilenio Tito Yepes LCSFP

City Structure. Before Transmilenio. What really Transmilenio is? What makes it feasible. Social impacts

City Structure and Transmilenio

Spatial Distribution of Wealth $4.2 $5.9 $11.4 $24.1 $39.2 $ Public Services Billing Strata Average daily income per person at PPP international US$ N

Where Passengers Come From? Autopista Norte SUBA BOSA Ciudad Bolivar USME Colors tending to red Means more passengers

Where Passengers Go To? Downtown Financial District Main Commercial Zone Main Industrial Zone This should be an error Colors tending to red Means more passengers

DOWNTOWN USME CIUDAD BOLIVAR

Incumbent system

Troncal de la Avenida Caracas Same kind of infrastructure : Lets say > same kind of bus stops Exclusive roadways for buses But too many buses: Small Entrepreneurs, Low re-investment, Supply excess means less average passengers per bus Then very reduced profits And, passengers won with Transmilenio, even without changes in accessibility

Then, what really makes Transmilenio different?

Quito Curitiba Bogotá Concessions as instrument to supply’s cut-off

Concession allows routes optimization acording to passengers trips Operation does not require subsidies, plus a small city participation for infrastructure maintenance. Unthinkable with the incumbent system

Average Commuting Time 1999 > 80 min < 30 min < 40 min < 50 min < 60 min < 70 min < 80 min

Average Commuting Time 2002 > 80 min < 30 min < 40 min < 50 min < 60 min < 70 min < 80 min

Improvements in accessibility Trunks Colors tending to dark Means higher % change

Improvements in accessibility Trunks & Feeders Colors tending to dark Means higher % change

Strata Improvements in accessibility Average Minutes Saved, weighted by number of passengers Minutes spent during rush hours within transport system

More than a transport solution

Infrastructure Quality Transformation Good pedestrian bridges to access Transmilenio and crosswalk freeways New Roadways and Bridges for Private vehicles Well Designed Transmilenio stations throughout the city

Citywide Sidewalks improvements for the very first time as urban policy Bike routes 170 kms

What makes Transmilenio and Infrastructure transformation Feasible? Political Economy Drivers Correct Mechanisms to cut-off supply City Financial Strenghtening in 90s

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140% 160% 180% Investment in Transmilenio Infrastructure as % of Total Annual Investment Bogotá transforms its finances in the nineties

Infrastructure and Transport Improvements What about, people’s pocket and social conditions? Supply Part

Incumbent System Transmilenio + Infrastructure Quality Improved accessibility Improved city Leisure time increased Dwellings rent increases, then non-monetary income grows. Comparing across neighborhoods and with other cities. Probability of participating in city’s economy becomes higher for people in the peripheries. Quality of life, perception.

++++ An urban equation to higher poverty Higher Unemployment

Unemployment 1999 Living far without a job Colors tending to dark Means higher TD

++++ An urban equation to higher poverty Higher Unemployment Low Labor Participation

Labor Market Participation 1999 More than one person takes money to home Colors tending to dark Means higher LPF

++++ An urban equation to higher poverty Higher Unemployment Low Labor Participation Worse Accessibility

Average Commuting Time 1999 > 80 min < 30 min < 40 min < 50 min < 60 min < 70 min < 80 min Remember that people spent hour and half each way daily

Poverty fills the equation NBI 1999 Higher Unemployment + Low Labor Participation + Worse Accessibility Colors tending to dark Means higher Poverty

Also income distribution plays its role

Gini 1999 Wealth and distribution Colors tending to dark Means higher Gini

Quality Infrastructure makes cities more equalitarian

Average Years of Education Equation is complex, education and migration have their part Colors tending to dark Means lower AYE

Continue growing…