Transportation Infrastructure 双语PPT Transportation Infrastructure Chapter 8

Outlines Transport functionality, principles, and participants Transportation regulation Transportation structure Transportation Service Summary 双语PPT

Transport functionality primarily consists of product movement services Product movement is the movement of inventory to specified destinations Restrictive element—in-transit inventory is “captive（被俘获 的，附属的）”, usually inaccessible during transportation Flexible element—inventory can be diverted during shipment to a new destination Transportation consumes time, financial, and environmental resources Transportation is more than 60% of the cost of logistics One of largest consumers of oil and gas in US Impacts traffic congestion信号拥挤, noise and air pollution 双语PPT

And Product storage In a transportation vehicle, it is being stored; A trade-off exists between using a transportation vehicle versus temporarily placing products in a warehouse. Whether it is costly, it must be justified from a total cost or performance perspective. Diversion 是暂时储存的另一种形式 双语PPT

Two fundamental transport principles Economy of scale is the cost per unit weight decreases as the size of the shipment increases At least until you totally fill the carrying vehicle! Cost decreases because the fixed cost of the carrier is allocated over a larger weight of shipment Economy of distance is the cost per unit weight decreases as distance increases Often called the tapering principle Longer distances allow fixed cost of the carrier to be spread over more miles, lowering the per mile charge Goal is to maximize the size of the load and distance shipped while still meeting service expectations 双语PPT

Conclusion The goal from a transportation perspective is to maximize the size of the load and the distance being shipped while still meeting customer service expectations. 双语PPT

Transportation participants ⑴Shipper, or consignor;（发货人） ⑵Destination party, or consignee;（收货人） ⑶Carriers and agents;（承运人，代理人） ⑷Government;（政府） ⑸Internet;（互联网） ⑹The public;（公众） What are their objectives? 双语PPT

Role and perspective of participants Shipper and consignee have a common interest in moving goods from origin to destination within a given time at the lowest cost Carriers desire to maximize their revenue for movement while minimizing associated costs Agents (brokers and freight forwarders) facilitate（使容易 ） carrier and customer matching Government desires a stable and efficient transportation environment to support economic growth Public is concerned with transportation accessibility（可得 性）, expense, and standards for security, safety and the environment 双语PPT

Transportation regulation by the government focuses on Economic regulation seeking to make transportation equally accessible and economical to all without discrimination Government created infrastructure (roads, canals, ports) Intended to prevent carriers from taking advantage of suppliers while ensuring long-term financial stability for carriers Social regulation which takes measures to protect public safety and environment Department of Transportation (DOT) (1966) has active role in hazardous material safety and driver safety Hazardous Materials Transportation Uniform Safety Act (1990) took precedence over state and local regulations 双语PPT

8.2 Transport Regulation Economic regulation Services Entry and Exit Rates Social regulation Safety Environmental 双语PPT

8.3 Transportation Structure Truck Railroad Water Pipeline Air Table 8-4 Cost Structure For Each Mode Five basic transportation modes. 双语PPT

Basic Modes of Transportation Fixed costs Var. costs Traffic composition Rail High Low Bulk大块 food, mining, heavy mfg制造业 Motor Low Medium Consumer goods, medium/light mfg Water Medium Low Bulk food, mining, chemicals Air Low High High-value goods, rush shipments Pipe High Low Petroleum, chemicals, mineral slurry泥浆 双语PPT

Transportation service is achieved by combining modes Traditional carriers are firms that provide service using only one of the five basic transport modes E.g. trucking firm or an airline Package service uses intermodal transportation (联合运输， ground and air) to handle small shipments or parcel deliveries E.g. USPS, Fedex, or UPS Intermodal transportation combines two or more modes to take advantage of the inherent economies of each and provide an integrated service at a lower total cost E.g. piggyback service integrating rail and motor service Nonoperating intermediaries include several business types that do not own or operate equipment Act to broker services by other firms 双语PPT

Figure 8.5 Relative Operating Characteristics by Mode Speed refers to elapsed movement time; Availability refers to the ability of a mode to service any given pair of locations; Dependability refers to potential variance from expected or published delivery schedules; Capability is the ability of a mode to handle any transport requirement; Frequency refers to the quantity of scheduled movements. 双语PPT

8.4 Transportation Service Traditional carriers Highly specialized Package service The small-shipment or package-service market. Its influence is increasing because of their size and intermodal capabilities. Package are regularly transported by using the line- haul services of rail, motor, and air. Ground package service ups Air package service 双语PPT

And Piggyback service（驮背式服务） TOFC: the trailer on a flatcar（拖车服务） COFC: container on a flatcar（集装箱运输） While the TOTC concept facilitates direct transfer between rail and motor carriage, it also has several technical limitations. Containers reduces these potential problems. 双语PPT

Others Land bridge concept that moves containers in a combination of sea and rail transport. Coordinated Air-Truck Air-truck is commonly used to provide premium package services, such as those offered by UPS, FedEx, and DHL. 双语PPT

Non-operating Intermediaries Freight Forwarders 货运代理人 ( they accept full responsibility for shipment performance,大规模降低运输中单位重量的费用) Shipper Association/ Cooperatives and Agents 托 运人协会 Brokers 经纪人 双语PPT