Martin Luther Pages Analyze the major causes of the Reformation. 2.Compare and contrast the attitudes of Martin Luther and John Calvin toward political authority and social order.

Germany Politics in German –Limited Papal Influence, No political unity –No national, religious reforms German Humanists upset at… –Clerical immunity –Selling indulgences –Impact: “national” opposition formed Foundation for Luther’s Reform Erasmus

Who was Martin Luther? Educated by The Brothers of the Common Life –Educated in law, never practiced –Promised to enter a monastery if he escaped death Ordained in 1507 Traveled to Rome and found justification for Church Criticism Became a spiritual leader (monastery & City)

What were Luther's’ views Not social, economic or political change Recommend religious changes –Too many sacraments: salvation based on Faith –Stop selling indulgences Religion –No indulgences Too much $ to Rome Justification by Faith Alone –Only 2 sacraments Baptism & Eucharist (body & Bread) –Pope is fallible

Social Order –No revolt: Un-Christian –Free cities supported Lutheranism –Socially conservative Political Authority –Divine rights of Princes Hid by Princes (Outlaw) Politically conservative Reformation became part of state –Combine state and religion

Justification by Faith Alone Huge gap between “sinfulness of man” and the “righteousness of God” –Led to the belief…”justification in faith alone” Righteousness given to those who believe and trust in Jesus Christ NOT through religious works and ceremonies (sacraments)

Indulgences Definition: remission of punishment for sins History –Original: Self-sacrifice in the Crusades –Luther's Time Small cash payments remitting of future punishments –Dead relatives too Popes –increase availability »pay for repairs/churches Implications: forgiveness can be bought and sold

Selling Indulgences

95 Thesis October 31, 1517 Answer Questions at the end of the reading Purpose: Attack Indulgences –Embraced by Humanists Charles V (new HRE) –Slowed reformation Focus on new Emperor –Helped Reformation

Diet of Worms Luther & Eck Debate: –Luther’s Challenges Infallibility of the Pope Only true authority is scripture Only two sacraments, not seven Salvation by faith alone Luther was excommunicated on 1521 Diet of Worms he became an outlaw

Imperial Distraction France & the Turks –Charles V was distracted Helped Reformation German Princes had sovereignty over religious matters –Reformation took deep root 1555 Peace of Augsburg –Ensured local control over religion

Reformation Spreads: Calvinism John Calvin (Switzerland) Religion –No Free will Predestination –Eucharist  No transubstantiation (symbolic) Social Order –Harsh discipline –Religious based laws Closed taverns Church determine punishment

Political Authority –Gov’t men must be godly No control over church –Church handled punishments –Combine church and government –Focused on gov’t more than theology

Readings Calvin’s ideas in his own words –Annotate all three documents

Martin LutherJohn Calvin Religion Political Authority Social Order

Thesis Statement 2.Compare and contrast the attitudes of Martin Luther and John Calvin toward political authority and social order.

Martin Luther (Germany) Religion –No indulgences Too much $ to Rome Justification by Faith Alone –Only 2 sacraments Baptism & Eucharist (body & Bread) –Pope is fallible Social Order –No revolt: Un-Christian –Free cities supported Lutheranism –Socially conservative Political Authority –Divine rights of Princes Hid by Princes (Outlaw) Politically conservative Reformation became part of state –Combine state and religion John Calvin (Switzerland) Religion –No Free will Predestination –Eucharist  No transubstantiation (symbolic) Social Order –Harsh discipline –Religious based laws Closed taverns Church determine punishment Political Authority –Gov’t men must be godly No control over church –Church handled punishments –Combine church and government –Focused on gov’t more than theology