The Enlightenment Political Philosophers. Philosophes ► Based ideas on “natural law” = universal moral law ► Thomas Hobbes (1588- 1679) - believed humans.

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Presentation transcript:

The Enlightenment Political Philosophers

Philosophes ► Based ideas on “natural law” = universal moral law ► Thomas Hobbes ( ) - believed humans were naturally violent - absolute monarchy best government

► John Locke ( ) - people have natural rights = life, liberty, & property - government based on social contract

► Baron de Montesquieu ( ) - separation of power - branches of government [executive, legislative, & judicial]

► Voltaire ( ) - freedom of speech & religion - enlightened monarchy best government

► Mary Wollstonecraft ( ) - A Vindication of the Rights of Women - equal education for men and women

► Jean-Jacques Rousseau ( ) - emotion better guide than logic - “General Will” = will of the majority should run government

Law and Religion ► Less value placed on hearsay and on confessions made under torture during trials ► Deism = belief in God, but against organized religion God the watchmaker ► Salons helped to spread new ideas and discoveries (Madame de Pompadour )

Enlightened Monarchs ► Rulers who sought to govern using Enlightenment principles ► Frederick II “the Great” ( ) - Prussia - ‘first servant of the state’ - abolished torture, except for treason & murder - established elementary schools - promoted industry & agriculture - freedom of religion - did not end serfdom

► Voltaire was his guest ( )

► Catherine II “the Great” ( ) - Russia - married Grand Duke Peter - exchanged letters with Voltaire & others - limited use of torture - religious toleration - promoted education = book publishing - established an Academy of Sciences - wanted to free all serfs on crown lands (Pugachev Rebellion 1773)

► Catherine the Great

► Maria Theresa ( ) - Austrian Empire - disagreed with secularism - established elementary schools - freed all crown serfs - limited “robot” - Pragmatic Sanction - fought defensive war vs. Frederick II - had sixteen children {Maria Antonia}

► Maria Theresa; young & older

► Joseph II ( ) - Austrian Empire - son of Maria Theresa - abolished serfdom completely - equal taxes for peasants & nobles - appointed educated middle-class people to government jobs instead of nobles - freedom of the press - confiscated Church property to support free hospitals - religious freedom to Protestants & Jews - banned use of torture

► Joseph II; most enlightened of the Enlightened Monarchs

Enlightenment Opponents ► Immanuel Kant (1724 – 1804) - Reason cannot answer metaphysics (spiritual issues: the existence of God, etc.) - Critique of Pure Reason (1781) > reality consists of separate physical & spiritual worlds *methods of obtaining knowledge varied *physical = senses & reason *spiritual = faith & intuition > He concluded that ideas about religion were true even though reason & science could not explain them.