APPLYING PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AGRISCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Modified by Georgia Agricultural Education Curriculum Office July, 2002

WAYS OF GROUPING ANIMALS Basis of body structure and functions Where they naturally live Extent of domestication The products they provide humans

GROUPS OF ANIMALS BASED ON BODY STRUCTURE INVERTEBRATES - 97 % of all animals are invertebrates. Includes earthworms, spiders, butterflies, snails and lobsters. Invertebrates do not have a backbone. VERTEBRATES - Animals that have a backbone. Includes fish, birds and mammals.

ARTHROPODS Have hard outer shells or coverings. Crustacea - Shrimp, crawfish, lobsters and crab are examples. Uniramia - Honeybee is an example Chelicerata - Mites, ticks, spiders and scorpions are examples. Annelids - Earthworms and leeches

VERTEBRATES Osteichthyes - About 25,000 species of bony fish. Aves - Includes about 9,000 species of birds. Mammalia - Includes species of animals produced for food and fiber.

ANIMALS PRODUCED ON FARMS TERRESTRIAL - Live on land. AQUATIC - Live in water or a water environment.

ADAPTING TO CLIMATE Cattle with humps are adapted to warmer, wetter climates than those breeds without humps. Camels, scorpions, owls and snakes are adapted to very dry desert climates.

ANATOMY Is the study of the form, shape and appearance of animals. Gross anatomy deals with structures that can be seen with the human eye. Microscopic anatomy focuses on structures that require the use of magnification to be seen, such as cells and sperm.

EIGHT MAJOR ORGAN SYSTEMS OF ANIMALS SKELETAL MUSCULAR NERVOUS CIRCULATORY RESPIRATORY EXCRETORY DIGESTIVE REPRODUCTIVE

TYPES OF BONES COMPACT BONE - Made up of rings of mineral crystals and protein fibers. SPONGY BONE - Contains red bone marrow, which produces blood cells.

MUSCULAR SYSTEM Largest system in the body. Makes up 45 % of the body weight of hogs, cattle and chickens. Voluntary - Controlled by the “thinking” part of the brain. Involuntary - Controlled by the lower part of the brain. Operates the heart, intestine, lungs and other organs.

SUBSYSTEMS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM - Brain and spinal cord AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM - Contains the nerves that are connected to the involuntary muscles and organs. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM - Includes all of the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord.

NAME/FUNCTION OF PARTS OF THE BLOOD PLASMA - 90 % water; helps dissolve substances such as glucose, vitamins, minerals and amino acids. RED BLOOD CELLS - Made in the red marrow of bones; contains hemoglobin (molecule that carries oxygen in the blood) WHITE BLOOD CELLS - Help fight off disease. PLATELETS - Essential for blood to clot.

FOUR MAJOR PARTS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM HEART - Pump that sends blood throughout the system. ARTERIES - Carry blood from the heart. CAPILLARIES - Small branches that carry blood to the cells. VEINS - Carry blood back to the heart.

KINDS OF RESPIRATION INTERNAL RESPIRATION - Is the exchange of gases between the cells and the blood within the body. EXTERNAL RESPIRATION - Is the exchange of gases in the lungs between the blood and the atmosphere.

PARTS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM NOSTRILS - Incoming air is warmed, filtered and moistened by the hairs and mucous membrane. PHARYNX - Connects the nose area with the mouth. LARYNX - Produces sounds : “voice box” TRACHEA - Connects the pharynx with the lungs. LUNGS - Gas is exchanged between the atmosphere and the blood.

PARTS OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM SKIN - Water and minerals are given off through the skin, helps regulate body temperature. KIDNEY - Filter the blood; liquid produced is urine. BLADDER - Stores urine made by the kidneys. URETHRA - Tube that carries urine out of the body.

TYPES OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS RUMINANT : Cattle, sheep and goats. NON-RUMINANT : Horses, hogs and chickens.

PARTS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM MOUTH - Food enters the body by ingestion or eating. ESOPHAGUS - Connects the mouth and the stomach. STOMACH - Ruminants have four parts and non-ruminants have one.

PARTS OF A RUMINANT STOMACH RUMEN - Known as the paunch; contains bacteria that breaks down the food. RETICULUM - Stores food and sorts out foreign materials (nails, wire, etc.). OMASUM - Contains muscular walls that help break down the food apart. ABOMASUM - Gastric juices are mixed with the food to help the digestive process.

NON-RUMINANTS STOMACH SMALL INTESTINE - Absorption of nutrients and water takes place in the small intestine. LARGE INTESTINE - Slow contractions occur, which move the solid materials along. ANUS - Opening in the body through which the large intestine expels solid wastes.

ADVANTAGES OF RUMINANTS Can utilize large amounts of roughage (grass, clover, etc.). Non-ruminants need a food of higher nutritive value; Ruminants require less grain. Able to graze on land that could not be used to produce crops.

SPECIAL ADAPTATIONS IN POULTRY Chickens, ducks, turkeys, and other poultry have: mouth crop- (where eaten food is stored) glandular stomach muscular stomach- (gizzard) intestines

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM VULVA: External part of the female reproductive tract. VAGINA: Muscular tube-like organ that connects the vulva and cervix. CERVIX: Entrance to the uterus. UTERUS: Where the fetus develops. OVIDUCTS: Fertilization takes place. OVARIES: Produces the eggs.

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM PENIS: Deposits sperm in the vagina of the female. URETHRA: Long tube that extends from the urinary bladder to the end of the penis. SEMINAL GLANDS: Produces fluids that help the male produce viable sperm. SEMINAL VESICLES: Produces a fluid that nourishes the sperm.

MALE SYSTEM (CONT) SPERM DUCTS: Connects the urethra with the testicles; also stores sperm. TESTICLES: Produces sperm. SCROTUM: Pouch of skin that holds the testicles. Has a slightly lower temperature than the body; increases sperm production.

PUBERTY Age at which animals are capable of reproduction. Cattle : 8-12 months Hogs : 4-7 months

ESTRUS CYCLE Cycle in the female reproductive system that prepares it for reproduction “Heat” part of the cycle, the female is receptive to being bred by the male. Release of eggs in the oviduct. Cows and horses normally release only one egg; sheep and goats may release 2-4 eggs. Hogs may release eggs.

GESTATION CYCLE It is the period between fertilization and full development of the fetus. Cattle days Swine days Sheep days Mare days

HOW POULTRY ARE DIFFERENT Chickens, turkeys and other poultry do not give birth to live young. Lay eggs and are hatched in 21 days if properly incubated. Poultry do not have mammary glands and don’t produce milk for their young.