Rocks Rocks are any () solids that can be composed of one or more minerals, (), glasses, and fragments from other rocks. There are three types; (), igneous, and metamorphic. Courtesy of Bob Haas Three Village CSD

Sedimentary Rocks Sediments – pieces of “stuff” (explanation to follow). Courtesy of Bob Haas Three Village CSD

Different Types of Sediments (the Stuff) 1. ()– Rock or mineral pieces. 2. Bioclastic (organic) – plant or () pieces. 3. () (crystalline) – dissolved particles in liquids. Courtesy of Bob Haas Three Village CSD

() Sediments (Rock or mineral pieces) Courtesy of Bob Haas Three Village CSD

() sediments Biologic (once living things) Courtesy of Bob Haas Three Village CSD

() sediments (Dissolved Minerals) The minerals dissolved in the water are the sediments. Courtesy of Bob Haas Three Village CSD

Sedimentary rocks – rocks formed when sediments are (), then stuck together. Oh yeah, the definition of a () rock is… Courtesy of Bob Haas Three Village CSD

For buried sediments to become a sedimentary rock, the fragments must then become () (stuck together). Lithification - any process that makes loose sediments into solid rock. Lets look at some examples of () Courtesy of Bob Haas Three Village CSD

() ()– Layers of sediments get squished by the stuff on top. The layers get tightly packed as the spaces between the sediments get smaller and smaller. The water in the pore spaces get pushed out, leaving the minerals behind to () and () the sediments together. Courtesy of Bob Haas Three Village CSD

Compaction Layers build up, applying () to the sediments bellow The pressure forces the () away leaving behind the squished together (), now a solid rock. Bang Courtesy of Bob Haas Three Village CSD

Lithification () – minerals stick sediments together. The sediments are () together by the crystals. The crystals act like a () (cementation, Hmmm). Courtesy of Bob Haas Three Village CSD

Cementation Loose Sand Particles Water with small particles and dissolved minerals moves in. Pore spaces Courtesy of Bob Haas Three Village CSD

Cementation Water with small particles and dissolved minerals moves in. The water () and the particles that were dissolved in the water cement the () together and form a solid (). Courtesy of Bob Haas Three Village CSD

Another Cementation AnimationCementation Courtesy of Bob Haas Three Village CSD

() sediments The mineral crystallized because of (). Just like how rock candy forms. Gypsum The water starts to evaporate As the water evaporates, more and more () material gets left behind Crystals form from the previously dissolved material Courtesy of Bob Haas Three Village CSD

Sedimentary rocks form () or () the surface of Earth, which causes them to have a few () characteristics. Oh by the way… sedimentary rocks are the most () type of rock found at or near Earth’s surface, because they form () the surface of Earth. Courtesy of Bob Haas Three Village CSD

Distinguishing characteristics of sedimentary rocks; 1. Horizontal layers Since most sedimentary rock gets deposited by (), the sediments settle out in nearly horizontal layers. Courtesy of Bob Haas Three Village CSD

horizontal layers Courtesy of Bob Haas Three Village CSD

Examples of distinctive features 2. Ripple Marks3. Mud Cracks Courtesy of Bob Haas Three Village CSD

Examples of distinctive features Foot prints in (), which solidified into (), a sedimentary rock. Courtesy of Bob Haas Three Village CSD

4. Fossils Courtesy of Bob Haas Three Village CSD

Graded bedding More distinctive features of sedimentary rocks 5. Graded beds – () particles on bottom, () particles on top. Courtesy of Bob Haas Three Village CSD

Graded bedding continued… More distinctive features of sedimentary rocks When a () of sediments settles in (), the () particles settle first (at the bottom), and the () particles settle last (at the top). Courtesy of Bob Haas Three Village CSD

Before we go on, lets check out the scheme for sedimentary rock identification. Reference tables page 7 Courtesy of Bob Haas Three Village CSD

This area is for sedimentary rocks created by inorganic (non-animal) rock fragments. Courtesy of Bob Haas Three Village CSD

This area is for sedimentary rocks created by chemical and/or organic fragments. Courtesy of Bob Haas Three Village CSD

Remember clastic means, rock or mineral fragments. Courtesy of Bob Haas Three Village CSD

Solid crystal like texture, MONOMINERALIC Courtesy of Bob Haas Three Village CSD

Fragments made out of the remains of plants or shells. Courtesy of Bob Haas Three Village CSD

The individual grain size can vary from very, very small to ginormous. Courtesy of Bob Haas Three Village CSD

Typical mineral compositions Courtesy of Bob Haas Three Village CSD

Useful information Courtesy of Bob Haas Three Village CSD

The rock’s name depends on the grain size, type and shape. Courtesy of Bob Haas Three Village CSD

The map symbols for the rock. Courtesy of Bob Haas Three Village CSD

As we have seen, there are different types of sediments. Different sediments eventually make different rocks. Courtesy of Bob Haas Three Village CSD

This is a very common sedimentary rock, sandstone. Lets see what sandstone looks like up close. Individual sand grains Courtesy of Bob Haas Three Village CSD

Lets see a side view. Notice the slight layering. This is a sample of shale. The dime is there for scale. Courtesy of Bob Haas Three Village CSD

Reference tables page 7 Lets identify some clastic, chemical and organic sedimentary rocks on the reference tables. Courtesy of Bob Haas Three Village CSD

What kind of sedimentary rock would we have if the rock fragments had a grain size of.08cm? Courtesy of Bob Haas Three Village CSD

What kind of sedimentary rock would we have if it was composed of crystals of dolomite? Courtesy of Bob Haas Three Village CSD

Which sedimentary rock has this symbol? Courtesy of Bob Haas Three Village CSD

Which clastic sedimentary rock consists of large clasts (rock fragments) within smaller sediments (sand, silt or clay)? Courtesy of Bob Haas Three Village CSD

From this point we would need a bit more info, what do we need to know? Courtesy of Bob Haas Three Village CSD

Rounded clasts Conglomerate Angular clasts Breccia Courtesy of Bob Haas Three Village CSD

Which sedimentary rock has a bioclastic texture but not made out of plant remains? Courtesy of Bob Haas Three Village CSD