The Rise of Kingdoms and the Growth of Church Power The Rise of Kingdoms and the Growth of Church Power Chapter 10

The Emergence & Growth of European Kingdoms, 1000 – 1300  The Power of Kings  England in the High Middle Ages  William of Normandy (1066 – 1087)  Battle of Hastings (1066)  Fusion of Normans and Anglo-Saxons  Involvement in France

Kings of Medieval England  A New Dynasty  Henry II (1154 – 1189) and the Plantagenet dynasty  Administrative reform  Finances and exchequer  Royal courts and common law  The church  Thomas à Becket (Archbishop of Canterbury)  King John (1199 – 1216) and Magna Carta  Edward I (1272 – 1307) and the Emergence of Parliament  Knights, burgesses, barons, and church lords

The Growth of the French Kingdom  Hugh Capet and the Capetian Dynasty  Little real power and limited royal domain in the Île-de-France  The Conquests of Philip II Augustus (1180 – 1223)  War against the English  French bureaucracy

Medieval French Kings  The Saintly Louis IX (1226 – 1270)  Justice  Participates in Crusades  Philip IV (1285 – 1314) and the Estates- General  Royal Administration  Council for Advice  Chamber of Accounts (Finances)  Parlement (royal court)  Estates-General (Parliament): clergy, nobles, and townspeople

Christian Reconquest: The Spanish Kingdoms  Muslim Spain and Córdoba  The Reconquest (Reconquista)  Offensive by Christian kingdoms begun in eleventh century  Christian victories in the northern kingdoms of Castile, Navarre, Aragon, and Portugal  Continued Muslim domination in the south  Christian conquests in the south  The policy of repartimiento  Alfonso X (1252 – 1284)

The Lands of the Holy Roman Empire: Germany and Italy  The Salian Kings: patterns of weakness  Involvement in Italy  Frederick I Barbarossa (1152 – 1190)  Attempts to conquer northern Italy  Opposition from the pope and Italian cities  The Battle of Legnano (1176)  Frederick II (1212 – 1250)  King of Sicily, Germany, and Holy Roman Emperor  Germany left in confusion and chaos  Rudolf of Hapsburg (1273)  Emergence of Italian city-states

The New Kingdoms in Eastern Europe  The Scandinavian Kingdoms  Political structures and organized churches  Germans and Slavs  Teutonic Knights  Prussia: German and Christian by the end of the thirteenth century  Periodic Invasions

Medieval Mongols & Russians  Impact of the Mongol Empire  Temuchin: Genghis Khan (c – 1227)  Khubilai Khan and the conquest of China  Advances against the Muslim world  Advances against Europe  The Development of Russia  Kievan disintegration by 1169  The unification provided by the church  Mongol invasion  Alexander Nevsky (c – 1263)  The title of grand-prince and legacy in Moscow

The Recovery and Reform of the Catholic Church  The Problems of Decline  Worldly bishops and abbots, monastic decline  The Cluniac Reform Movement  Cluny: founded by Duke William of Aquitaine (910)  The spread of reform in western and central Europe  Reform of the Papacy  Pope Gregory VII (1073 – 1085) and reform  The problem of lay investiture  The Investiture Controversy  King Henry VI of Germany  Concordat of Worms (1122)

Christianity and Medieval Civilization  Growth of the Papal Monarchy  Administrative structure  The pontificate of Innocent III (1198 – 1216)  Conflict with Philip Augustus of France  Interdict of England

New Religious Orders and Spiritual Ideals  The Cistercian Order  Saint Bernard of Clairvaux (1090 – 1153)  Women in Religious Orders  Hildegard of Bingen (1098 – 1179)  Mystical visions  Living the Gospel Life  The Franciscans / Order of Friars Minor  Saint Francis of Assisi (1182 – 1226)  The Dominicans / Order of Preachers  Dominic de Guzmán (1170 – 1221)  Monasticism and Social Services

Popular Religion in the High Middle Ages  The Sacraments  The Importance of Saints  The Virgin Mary  The Use of Relics  Indulgences and purgatory  The Pilgrimage  Spiritual benefits

Voices of Protest and Intolerance  Heresy  Catharism  Dualist system  Albigensian Crusade (began in 1209)  The Holy Office (papal Inquisition)  Persecution of the Jews  The impact of the Crusades  Decrees of the Fourth Lateran Council (1215)  Expulsion  Intolerance of Homosexuality  Legislation: “sin against nature” (Aquinas)  Severe punishment

The Crusades  Background to the Crusades  Islam and the Seljuk Turks  Change and disintegration in the Muslim World  Seljuk Turks: nomadic people from Central Asia  Capture of Baghdad (1055)  Battle of Manzikert (1071)  The Byzantine Empire  Divisions between the Catholic and Orthodox Church  Schism (1054)  External threats to security  Alexius I Comnenus (1081 – 1118)

The Early Crusades  The Idea of Holy War  Pope Urban II (1088 – 1099)  Council of Clermont (1095)  Crusading fervor  “Armed pilgrimages”  The First Crusade (1096 – 1099)  Capture of Antioch (1098)  Capture of Jerusalem (1099)  Crusader States  Edessa, Antioch, Tripoli, and Jerusalem

The Early Crusades  The Second Crusade  The Muslims strike back: the fall of Edessa (1144)  Saint Bernard’s call ends in total failure  The Third Crusade (1189 – 1192)  The leadership of Saladin  Reaction to the fall of Jerusalem  Led by Frederick I Barbarossa of Germany, Richard the Lionhearted of England, and Philip Augustus of France

The Crusades of the Thirteenth Century and the Effects of Crusades  The Fourth Crusade (1202 – 1204)  Sack of Constantinople  Latin Empire of Constantinople (1204 – 1261)  Children’s Crusade (1212)  What Were the Effects of the Crusades?  Little impact on the Muslim World  Impact on European society  Many young warriors removed from Europe  Italian cities benefited economically  Attacks on Jews

Discussion Questions  How was royal power strengthened in France and England beginning in the eleventh century?  What forces pulled apart the Holy Roman Empire between the twelfth and thirteenth centuries?  How was the history of Russia linked to the invasions of the Mongols?  What was the function of the pope in medieval Europe?  What fed the climate of intolerance in Europe after the twelfth century?  What were the causes of the Crusades?  Were the Crusades a success or a failure? How were they a reaction to the Muslim threat?