The Later Crusades, Week 5, Lecture 1

The Later Crusades, How did the goals of the Second, Third, and Fourth Crusades compare to the goals of the First Crusade? How successful were these later crusades? How did “Crusade” become a concept that could mean different things in different situations? What were its limits, if any?

Crusader States Outremer: Kingdom of Jerusalem, County of Tripoli, Principality of Antioch, and County of Edessa –Supplied by Venetian and Genoan traders Kraks Military orders: Knights Templar, Knights Hospitaller, Teutonic Order

Krak des Chevaliers, Syria: a Crusader castle

Trouble in Syria Imad ad-Din Zengi, atabeg of Mosul and Aleppo (r ) December 24, 1144: Fall of Edessa –Joscelin II de Courtenay Nur ad-Din (r ) –Massacre of Armenian Christians

Bernard of Clairvaux ( ) Celebrity Cistercian of the twelfth century Preached the Second Crusade

Second Crusade, Height of the Cistercian Order –Bernard of Clairvaux –Pope Eugene III (r ) Involvement of Ruling Monarchs –Louis VII of France and Eleanor of Aquitaine –HRE Conrad III Goals: 1.Retake Edessa 2.Capture Damascus Wendish Crusade

Second Crusade A council of crowned heads at Jerusalem decides to attack Damascus

Near Eastern Expansion Nur ad-Din Salah ad-Din (Saladin) (r ) –Kurdish vizier of Egypt –Ayyubid Dynasty July 4, 1187: Battle of Hattin –Fall of Jerusalem

Third Crusade, Popes –Pope Urban III –dead! –Pope Gregory VIII (r. Oct.-Dec. 1187) –“Saladin tithe” Kings –HRE Frederick I Barbarossa (Germany) –Philip II Augustus (France) –Richard I the Lionheart (England) Success? –Capture of Syrian coast –Conquest of Cyprus

Frederick Barbarossa as Crusader

Richard I vs. Saladin (This never happened)

Fourth Crusade, Background Byzantine Empire –Isaac II Angelus (r ) –Alexius III Angelus, usurping brother (r ) –Alexius IV Angelus, prince without a throne –Irene Angelina and King Philip of Swabia, Alexius IV’s sister and brother-in-law Venice –Enrico Dandolo, doge (b. c d. 1205)

Fourth Crusade, cont. Sources: Geoffroi de Villehardouin (noble), Robert de Clari (vassal) Siege of Zara, –Aftermath: Broke and aimless in the Balkans Siege of Constantinople, –Alexius IV and Isaac II installed on throne

Halosis of Constantinople Violence and arson Alexius V “Mourtzouphlous” Doukas, usurper April 1204: Sack of the city –Greek source: Nicetas Choniates –Venetians plunder everything Partitio Romaniae

Horses of St. Mark’s Basilica, Venice

The Tetrarchs, St. Mark’s Basilica, Venice

“Burial Cloth” of Jesus?

Later Crusades Pope Innocent III (r ) –Rewind/fastforward: New Crusade, right now! Fourth Lateran Council, 1215 Fifth Crusade ( ) –Germany, Hungary, France –Overlap with Albigensian Crusade –Siege of Damietta

Frederick II Hohenstaufen King of Germany, HRE, and King of Sicily –Came of age Fluent in Arabic. –“Sure I’ll go on Crusade... Next year.” 1227: excommunicated (the first time) 1229: Frederick’s “Crusade” makes peace with Sultan Al-Kamil –Sixth Crusade : War of the Keys

Frederick II of Germany and Sicily Sultan Al-Kamil

Late in the Game 1239: reset button. 1243: Sultan as-Salih Ayyub retakes lost territory, including Jerusalem Seventh Crusade ( ) –Louis IX of France –1250 captured by Egyptians – : Eighth Crusade and death of Louis

Sainte-Chapelle, Paris