The Kingdoms of the World – Super Fast!

The Kingdoms of the World  All living organisms (both past and present) belong to one of the 5 main Kingdom groupings:  1) Kingdom Monera – Bacteria  2) Kingdom Protista – Protists  3) Kingdom Fungi – Fungi  4) Kingdom Plantae – Plants  5) Kingdom Animalia – Animals

Kindom Monera BACTERIA!! EWWWWW!

Bacteria Structure  Unicellular, prokaryotes  lack organelles  DNA is free in the cytoplasm (no nuclear membrane)  1  m in size capsule flagella DNA ribosome cell wall cell membrane

3 Basic Shapes  1) Rod Shape: also called bacillus, plural bacilli.

 2) Round or spherical shape: also called coccus, plural cooci.

 3) Spirical or Helical Shape: also called spirillium, plural sprilla

External Structures: Capsule  Gel like coating on the outside of the cell  helps cells attach to their environment  protection from being eaten by other microbes capsule

Cell Wall Gram Positive: Staphylococcus cells Gram Negative: E. coli cells 2 different types of cell walls: Gram Positive - contain a thick layer of peptidoglycan that absorbs stain. Gram Negative - contains a thin layer of peptidoglycan that does not absorb stain.

Gram-Negative Bacteria  Have an outer membrane made up of complex protein-lipid molecules called:  Lipopolysaccharides  When the immune system attacks Gram-Negative Bacteria lipopolysaccharides are released and causes inflammation and fever in the infected individual.

Metabolism based Classification  Aerobic bacteria: use oxygen to carry on respiration which produces energy. MOST bacteria are aerobic.  Facultative Anaerobic bacteria: bacteria that can produce energy with or without oxygen. This is called fermentation.  Obligate Anaerobes: bacteria can only produce their energy in an oxygen-free environment. This process is also called fermentation.

Proteus mirabilis  Causes urinary tract infections in older females.  The flagella on this bacteria is designed to attach to the surface receptors of urinary tract cells.  This allows the bacteria to be successful in infecting the individual.  A chemical compound found in cranberry juice disrupts this ability.

Chlamydia trachomatis  The most common sexually transmitted disease and its estimated that over 2 million people between 14 and 39 are infected in the US without even knowing it.  Can cause irreversible damage to the reproductive organs, without, in most cases, any symptoms at all. This damage occurs in women only.  Some people experience lower back pain, nausea and genital bleeding.  Very easy to treat with antibiotics.  Men can get it and also have symptoms but it does not affect fertility.

Helicobacter pylori  Causes stomach ulcers.  Has several long flagella that it uses to drill itself into the mucus layer of the stomach.  Can survive in highly acidic environment of the stomach.  Up to 80% of ulcers are a result of this bacteria, so treating with antibiotics can usually help an ulcer victim recover. It used to be thought that ulcers were caused by stress, so people did not get treatment right away/  Debatable on whether it causes some types of stomach cancer or even prevent some types by regulating stomach acid through the release of urease, which neutralizes the stomach acid so the bacteria can survive.

Kingdom Protista

Background  Protists can be unicellular, multicellular or colonial (live in colony).  Reproduce sexually and asexually.  Require an aquatic environment.  Some move around and act like animals, others perform photosynthesis like plants, and still others resemble fungi  Protists first appeared in the fossil records about 1.5 billion years ago.  Demonstrate an important evolutionary advancement, a membrane bound nucleus.  Contain organelles such as ribosomes, mitochondria, and lysosomes.  These structures provide a more efficient method of using available nutrients.  Members of the Kingdom Protista are the simplest of the eukaryotes.

Why are They Important?  Autotrophic protists, like phytoplankton, produce a significant portion of the Earth’s oxygen.  Play an important role in the carbon cycle.  Important producers and consumers in food chains.  Show stages in evolution.

Kingdom Protista

Protozoans