India After the Guptas Chapter 8.4 An empire that covered the Indian Sub Continent from 320 to 550 CE (Common Era)

Understand… Religions that are exposed and present in India and mentioned Sections of Buddhism (difference) The new religion spreading in SE Asia, problems faced Important leaders to impact India Culture of the people of India

Impact of Religion Buddhism Gained widespread acceptance in India Split about the meanings of Buddha’s teachings Occurs when Buddha passes away Theravada “the teaching of the elders” Followed the original teachings of Buddha Considers Buddha as not divine Buddhism is a way of life, NOT a religion based on individual salvation No place of worship Became a religion of the masses b/c of tolerance and no threat to other religions Buddhism Mahayana Said to be to strict for ordinary people Buddhism is a religion, not a philosophy Buddha is a divine person, not just a man Belief in achieving Nirvana – salvation Has the temple and monks Theravada

Impact of Religion Decline in Buddhism Lost its popularity in Indian societies Buddhism schools found success outside India Monks took the teachings to: China, Korea, Southeast Asia, and Japan Still practiced there today

Impact of Religion Eastward Expansion of Islam Islam had spread to the NW part of India Today we have a division from India and two Islamic states Bangladesh & Pakistan One reason for Islam success in India Political disunity: Gupta empire collapsed, and no central authority had replaced it Islamic Expands End of 10 th century Rebellious Turks founded a Islamic state Afghanistan (Ghanza) Eastward Expansion of Islam Muhmud of Ghanza (997A.D.) Took power when father died Attacked Hindu kingdoms Fought Hindu warriors called Rajputs By his death – controlled lands that covered the upper Indus River Valley to Indian Ocean Successors (1200 A.D.) Continued to fight and expand Controlled entire plain of Northern India Created a new state Sultanate of Delhi or Delhi Sultanate Refers to the various Muslim dynasties that ruled in India (1210–1526). Founded after Muhammad of Ghor defeated Prithvi Raj and captured Delhi in 1192 Evident still Today

Impact of Religion Impact of Timur Lenk Sultanate of Delhi Declining Invasions occur from neighbors on the capital city 100,000 Hindu prisoners die Would take over a decade to overcome destruction Timur Lenk (Islam leader) A.K.A: Tamerlane Ruler of Mongol state of Samarqand Seized power in 1369 Immediately set out to conquer Envisioned a restoration of the Mongol empire His military campaigns caused the deaths of 17 million people About 5% of the world population Impact of Timur Lenk Areas claimed Claimed the entire region east of the Caspian Sea in his control Occupied Mesopotamia Died while in a military campaign Death of Timur Removed major problems from various states Two new problems coming up Moguls: nomadic conquerors Portuguese: traders looing for riches India's Religions Family History Grandfather of astronomer and mathematician Ulugh Beg, who ruled Central Asia from 1411 to 1449 Great-great-great-grandfather of Babur, founder of the Mughal Empire, which ruled parts of South Asia for over three centuries, from 1526 until 1857Mughal EmpireSouth Asia

Timur Lenk resting spot

Main Idea: Impact of Religion Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam all influenced the development of India

Indian Society and Culture Islam and Indian Society Muslim rulers Tried to keep separation from Muslim ruling class and Hindu population Reason: Rulers are intolerant of other faiths Tried peacefully to convert Hindus, but at times used force Realized too many to convert Grew to tolerate Hindu

Indian Society and Culture Economy and Daily Life 500 A.D. to 1500 A.D. Majority are peasants Farm small plots of land Gave portion of harvest and to landlords/king Collected rent for king Peasants usually scrapped by or were in debt City life Majority of the wealthy lived Many people lived in cities and not rural areas Summarize for answer Economy and Daily Life India Center of trade Made the areas very wealthy Local trade declined: fighting amongst states Foreign trade flourished Wealthy Hindu merchants carried on with much of the foreign trade Had to have ties to the royal courts

Indian Society and Culture Culture in India Architecture & Literature Religious architecture Hindu temples Became more complex as time progressed Temple at Khajuraho 20 temples remain standing from the 10 th century Novels Introduction of “fiction” The Adventures of the Ten Princes 10 princes search for love and power Huge achievement- 6 th century Considering novel did not get to Japan till 11 th century and Europe till 17 th century Temple of Angkor Wat Represents Indian architectural techniques and native inspiration Temple complex in Cambodia and the largest religious monument in the world. It was originally constructed as a Hindu temple

Main Idea: Indian Society and Culture The ruling class of India was made up of Muslims, but some members of the Hindu population also prospered. The rich culture of India was reflected in it’s art, literature, architecture, and technological advances

Understand… Religions that are exposed and present in India and mentioned Sections of Buddhism (difference) The new religion spreading in SE Asia, problems faced Important leaders to impact India Culture of the people of India

Answers Buddhism – Islam - Hindu Theravada/Mahayana (not divine – divine) Islam New states/empires being formed Ghanza: Afghanistan Sultanate of Delhi Discrimination later led to tolerance Timur Lenk (Tamerlane) Poor in rural, wealthy in cities, with poor foreign trade (farmers and merchants)

Chapter 15 & 16 1.Dictate the Mogul Dynasties rise and fall of their empire 2.Explain the purpose of the Taj Mahal 3.List the advancements made by the Ming Dynasty 4.Explain the effects of Westernization during the Qing Dynasty 5.Comprehend how the Tokugawa Era help the Japanese flourish

The Grandeur of the Moguls Chapter 15.3

Mogul Dynasty Rise of the Moguls Came from the mountains of the Indus River Valley Babur Founder of the Moguls Father was a descendent of Timur Lenk Inherited part of Timur’s empire 1517: Led forces across the Khyber Pass into India Had smaller # armies than enemies Had better weapon technology Captured Delhi Continued his conquests in Northern India until his death (1530) 47 years old Summarize this area Moguls started their conquest when passing through the Khyber Pass and successfully capturing Delhi

Mogul Dynasty Reign of Akbar Grandson of Babur Took the throne at age 14 Responsible for bringing all of India under Mogul rule How did Akbar do this? Heavy artillery Able to overpower the stone fortresses of their rivals Very good negotiators Empire was tied together by a collection of semi independent states Controlled by one emperor Reign of Akbar Akbar Known as the best ruler of the Moguls Was Muslim, but tolerated other religions Married a Hindu princess as one of his wives Had Christian advisers on his court Government bureaucracy high positions were filled by non Muslim Lower-ranking officials were Hindus His examples of his religious tolerance

Mogul Dynasty Reign of Akbar Zamindars – similar to Daimyo Lower rank officials Generally given land Collected taxes Kept a small portion for salary Rest of money went to the ruler Very powerful in their local districts Era of prosperity Foreign trade flourished Traded for gold and silver Arab traders handled much of the foreign trade Indians, and Moguls did not care for travel by sea

Mogul Dynasty Decline of the Moguls Jahangir (juh-Hahn-gher) Son of Akbar was his successor Tried to strengthen the central government of the empire Woman Manipulation Jahangir fell under the influence of his wife Lost interest in governing, gave more authority to Nur Jahan (Persian) Wife used the power she was given to benefit her family Arranged her niece to marry her husbands third son Decline of the Moguls Shah Jahan (3 rd son) Reign from 1628 to 1658 Maintained the government and expanded his empire Failure: Did not deal with domestic problems very well Spent more money on war and building projects Caused to tax peasants more, majority of his peasants lived in poverty Fell ill, and was reported dead Caused for a huge power struggle between sons Used power to benefit her family

Mogul Dynasty Decline of the Moguls Aurangzeb Has his brother killed Imprisoned his father Empire reached its greatest physical size under his rule Subjects resent him b/c: Constant warfare Religious intolerance Forbade the Hindu custom of suttee (cremating a widow on her husband’s funeral pyre) Decline of the Moguls Aurangzeb Devoted Muslim Tried to forbid gambling and drinking Imposed taxes to non-Muslim Prohibited the building of new Hindu temples Forced Hindus to convert to Islam 1707 he dies – India is now divided and will be destroy by the Persians in 1739 This all upset his people, revolt followed 1.Discrimination towards non-Muslims 2.Forced people to convert to Islam 3.Forbid pleasures of other faiths

Suttee – Hindu Practice Common in SE Asia

Main Idea: Mogul Dynasty Uniting India under a single government, the Moguls established a new dynasty but eventually lost their empire

Life in Mogul India Mogul Culture Brought together Persian and Indian influences New architectural style Consider the most beautiful building in India Best symbolize in the Taj Mahal Shah Jahan built in mid-17 th century Project last more than 20 years Taxes were raised to finance the project Indian peasants were drove into poverty There lies one of Shah Jahan’s wife Mumtaz Mahal Died delivering her 14 th child

Life in Mogul India Mogul Culture Painting (another huge achievement) Blended from two cultures Persian and Indian Akbar created a school for artist Hindus worked under the guidance of Persian masters to create this school Akbar style created Portrayed humans in action (not seen in Persian art)

Environment was hot, cramped, and crowded Europeans Come to India British are Coming Established in India Create trading forts throughout India Success in the trading causes rivals to come to India also East India Company (The British) Robert Clive controlled the company Would fight any force that would threaten the power of the company Ruler of Bengal attacked their Fort William (1756) Captured 146 people, only 23 survived in a underground prison (Black Hole of Calcutta) British are Here Revenge on Bengal (1757) Clive and 3,000 troops defeated a Mogul army of 10x the size of them Victory allowed British to collect taxes from lands in the area around Calcutta The Company Angered many High officials proved to be ignorant and incompetent Offended Indian allies, and local populations To high of taxes Slowly the British moved from coastal city more inland Britain was here to stay if money could be made The British destroy the Moguls large army, and immediately anger the people of India with high taxes throughout the land.

Main Idea: Europeans Come to India Foreigner's seeking trade opportunities in India hastened the decline of the Mogul Empire