Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Overview Insight Therapies  Psychodynamic therapies  Humanistic therapies Behavior Therapies  Operant Conditioning  Classical Conditioning  Observational Learning

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Overview Cognitive Behavior Therapies  Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy  Beck’s Cognitive Therapy Biomedical Therapies  Drug therapy Evaluating Therapies

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Therapies Psychotherapy –treatments that use psychological, rather than biological, means to treat emotional and behavioral disorders

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Insight Therapies –psychological well-being depends on the understanding of our own thoughts, emotions, motives, behavior, and coping

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Insight Therapies Psychodynamic Therapy –attempts to uncover repressed childhood experiences that are thought to cause current problems LO 13.1

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Insight Therapies Psychodynamic Therapy Psychoanalysis –Freud –trying to explore the unconscious –techniques:  free association –patient reveals whatever thoughts, feelings, or images come to mind –analyst explains the meaning of associations to help patient gain insight LO 13.1

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Insight Therapies: Psychodynamic Therapy Psychoanalysis –techniques:  dream analysis –areas of emotional concern repressed in waking life are sometimes expressed in symbolic form in dreams LO 13.1

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Insight Therapies Psychodynamic Therapy Psychoanalysis –techniques:  transference –feelings and attitudes that are present in another significant relationship displayed towards analyst –relive troubling experiences from past with analyst as a substitute LO 13.1

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Insight Therapies Humanistic Therapy people have the ability and freedom to lead rational lives and make rational choices goal is to help people learn how to better promote their own growth LO 13.2

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Insight Therapies Humanistic Therapy Person-Centered Therapy (Carl Rogers) –Disorder results when the natural tendency toward self-actualization is blocked. –Therapist attempts to create an accepting climate based on unconditional positive regard. LO 13.2

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Insight Therapies Humanistic Therapy Person-Centered Therapy –non-directive therapy  active listening restate or reflect back ideas or feelings of client  client controls the direction of therapy –Goal-allow the client to move toward self-actualization. LO 13.2

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Behavior Therapies Treatment approach consistent with the learning perspective  abnormal behavior is learned  the behavior itself as the disorder  use learning principles to eliminate inappropriate or maladaptive behaviors  goal is to change behavior

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Behavior Therapies Operant Conditioning Behavior modification  replace maladaptive behavior with adaptive behavior  control the consequences of behavior –withhold reinforcement maintaining the undesirable behavior –reinforce more desirable behavior LO 13.6

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Behavior Therapies Operant Conditioning Time Out –behavior modification technique –withdraw all reinforcers for a period of time to eliminate behavior LO 13.6

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Behavior Therapies Operant Conditioning Token economy  rewards appropriate behavior with poker chips, play money, points, etc  tokens can be exchanged for goods or privileges  used in institutional settings LO 13.6

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Behavior Therapies Operant Conditioning Can effectively modify behaviors  increase desirable behavior  decrease undesirable behavior Do not cure disorder LO 13.6

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Behavior Therapies Classical Conditioning Systematic Desensitization  classical conditioning  client is trained in deep muscle relaxation  expose to feared objects/situations  confront hierarchy of fears  highly successful for eliminating fears and phobias in a relatively short time LO 13.7

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Behavior Therapies Classical Conditioning Flooding  used to treat phobias  expose client to feared object or event for an extended period, until their anxiety decreases  exposed all at once, not gradually  session ends when client is less afraid than at beginning LO 13.7

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Behavior Therapies Classical Conditioning Exposure and Response Prevention  successful with obsessive-compulsive disorder and fears  two components: –exposure to objects or situations that trigger obsessions/compulsive rituals –response prevention client resists performing compulsive rituals for longer and longer periods of time LO 13.7

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Behavior Therapies Classical Conditioning Exposure and Response Prevention  clients are gradually exposed to stimuli that they find more and more distasteful/anxiety provoking  improvement in 60 to 70% of patients LO 13.7

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Behavior Therapies Observational Learning Participant Modeling  model demonstrates appropriate responses to a feared stimulus in graduated steps  client imitates the model  Most specific phobias can be extinguished in 3 to 4 hours. LO 13.7

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Cognitive Behavior Therapies (CBT) maladaptive behavior results from irrational thoughts, beliefs, and ideas therapist tries to change these effective for treating a wide variety of problems  anxiety disorders  psychological drug dependence  mood disorders

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Cognitive Behavior Therapies Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) Based on Ellis' ABC Theory –A = the activating event –B = belief about the event –C = emotional consequence that follows belief about event causes emotional consequence, not the event itself LO 13.8

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd FIGURE 13.1 The ABCs of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) Rational emotive behavior therapy teaches clients that it is not the activating event (A) that causes the upsetting consequences (C). Rather, it is the client’s beliefs (B) about the activating event. According to Albert Ellis, irrational beliefs cause emotional distress. Rational emotive behavior therapists help clients identify their irrational beliefs and replace them with rational ones.

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Cognitive Behavior Therapies Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) Directive form of therapy  challenge and modify clients’ irrational beliefs  change clients’ thinking  once thinking is changed, help client learn behavioral strategies that help control emotional reactions LO 13.8

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Cognitive Behavior Therapies Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) –when irrational beliefs are replaced emotional reactions become more appropriate –clients receiving REBT do better than those receiving no treatment or a placebo –5 to 50 sessions

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Cognitive Behavior Therapy Beck’s Cognitive Therapy (CT) Aaron T. Beck –depression and anxiety –automatic thoughts and cognitive errors –automatic thoughts  unreasonable ideas rule the person's life  negative thoughts affect how we view past, present, and future experiences LO 13.9

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd TABLE 13.1 Cognitive Errors

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Cognitive Behavior Therapy: Beck’s Cognitive Therapy (CT) –goal of therapy  stop negative automatic thoughts (cognitive errors)  replace them with more objective thoughts  set up a plan and guide client so experience provides evidence in real world to refute false beliefs  clients given homework assignments

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Cognitive Behavior Therapy Beck’s Cognitive Therapy (CT) –ten to twenty sessions –effective with mild to moderate depression and panic disorder LO 13.9

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Biomedical Therapies Drug Therapies Psychoactive drugs –alter mood, perceptions, and thoughts through their action on neurotransmitters LO 13.10

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Biomedical Therapies Drug Therapies Antipsychotic Drugs –schizophrenia Antidepressant Drugs –depression, anxiety Lithium and Anticonvulsant Drugs –depression, bipolar disorder Anti-Anxiety Drugs –panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder LO 13.10

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Biomedical Therapies Drug Therapies Disadvantages of Drug Therapy –difficulty in establishing dosages –do not cure psychological disorders –may prevent people from being advised of other forms of therapy that may reduce or eliminate the need for psychiatric drugs. LO 13.10

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Evaluating the Therapies Smith et al. (1980) analyzed 475 studies with 25,000 clients. –Psychotherapy was better than no treatment. –No one type of psychotherapy was more effective than another. LO 13.16

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Choosing a Therapist Psychologist –advanced degree in psychology  clinical psychologists diagnose and treat psychological disorders  counseling psychologists therapy for less severe problems Psychiatrist –medical doctor –can prescribe drug therapy LO 13.13

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Summary and Comparison of the Therapies

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Summary and Comparison of the Therapies (continued)

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Summary and Comparison of the Therapies (continued)