Roman History II: The Roman Empire

Historical Account Julius Caesar Augustus Tiberius Nero 5 Good Emperors Constantine Diocletian Theodosius BC14-37AD AD AD AD AD 54-68AD 27BC-14AD 476AD Nerva Marcus Aurelius Antonius Pius HadrianTrajan PAX ROMANA Byzantine Empire: 1453

1. The Augustan Age Second Triumvirate Antony Lepidus Octavian 27BC Received from the senate the title Augustus and from the people tribuneship Octavian was called imperator and princeps and is usually considered the first Roman Emperor commander leader

The successors of Augustus either called themselves ‘ Caesar ’, to indicate descent from the royal house, or ‘ imperator ’, since they derived their power from the imperium over Rome and the militory. The successors of Augustus either called themselves ‘ Caesar ’, to indicate descent from the royal house, or ‘ imperator ’, since they derived their power from the imperium over Rome and the militory. Augustus was elected by the senate, but the early emperors were simply hand- picked by the current emperor. Augustus was elected by the senate, but the early emperors were simply hand- picked by the current emperor. Quasi-monarchical rule

2. Nero (54-68 AD) Nero ’ s reign was dominated by cruelty and irresponsibility which provoked widespread revolts, and led to his suicide. Nero ’ s reign was dominated by cruelty and irresponsibility which provoked widespread revolts, and led to his suicide. Persecution of Christians. Persecution of Christians. The Great Fire of Rome. (64AD) The Great Fire of Rome. (64AD)

3. Trajan's Column Trajan's column was erected A.D. 106 to 113 in honor of emperor Trajan with the height of 29.77m. The column commemorates his victories in Dacia (now Romania). Trajan's column was erected A.D. 106 to 113 in honor of emperor Trajan with the height of 29.77m. The column commemorates his victories in Dacia (now Romania)

4. 4. Hadrian ( ) Hadrian's Wall in today ’ s UK was a Roman frontier built in the years AD by order of the Emperor Hadrian. Hadrian's Wall in today ’ s UK was a Roman frontier built in the years AD by order of the Emperor Hadrian.

5. Pax Romana: 27 B. C A. D. the Roman Peace reign of Augustus death of Marcus Aurelius

Map of the Roman Empire At its Greatest Extent circa 117 AD

Developments during Pax Romana: REF: Greek and Roman culture spread throughout the empire.

Government: Law: Engineering: 1.Rome became an empire ruled by an emperor. 1.Rome became an empire ruled by an emperor. 2.Full-time workers were hired to carry out the emperor's polices. 2.Full-time workers were hired to carry out the emperor's polices. 3.Government in the provinces improved. 1.One set of laws governed the empire 1.One set of laws governed the empire 2.The system of laws included all branches of public/private law that exist today 2.The system of laws included all branches of public/private law that exist today 3. Lawyers interpreted the laws. 1. The system of roads greatly improved. 1. The system of roads greatly improved. 2.Aqueducts brought water from the mountains to Roman cities. Language:Literature:Religion: 1. The Roman alphabet became the basis for the western world alphabet. 1. The Roman alphabet became the basis for the western world alphabet. 2. Latin, the Roman language, became the basis for French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese and Romanians. 1. Virgil, Rome's greatest poet, wrote the Aeneid, a fictional account of the founding of Rome 1. Virgil, Rome's greatest poet, wrote the Aeneid, a fictional account of the founding of Rome 3.Tactitus and Livy wrote historical accounts of Rome. 1. Followers of a Jewish holy man named Jesus founded a new religion called 1. Followers of a Jewish holy man named Jesus founded a new religion called Christianity. Christianity. 2.Christianity 2.Christianity spread throughout the Roman Empire spread throughout the Roman Empire

6. Diocletian ( ) Diocletian (245?-313?) came to the throne after a century of disorganization, internal dissent, economic collapse, and foreign invasions. Diocletian (245?-313?) came to the throne after a century of disorganization, internal dissent, economic collapse, and foreign invasions. 286 Diocletian Divides the Roman Empire into east and west in order to rule the territory more effectively 286 Diocletian Divides the Roman Empire into east and west in order to rule the territory more effectively

REF:

Roman Empire 300AD Map image

7. Constantine ( ) Constantine followed Diocletian ’ s system of ruling only half of the Roman Empire, the western half. Constantine followed Diocletian ’ s system of ruling only half of the Roman Empire, the western half. But in 324, he abandoned the system and ruled over a single, united empire. But in 324, he abandoned the system and ruled over a single, united empire. However, he shifted the seat of government east to his own city in Turkey, Constantinople. However, he shifted the seat of government east to his own city in Turkey, Constantinople.

Turkey today

Constantine also showed great affection for eastern ways of life and eastern views of monarchy. He took on himself all the trappings of an eastern king. After eight hundred years without a monarch, Rome had finally returned back to monarchy. Constantine also showed great affection for eastern ways of life and eastern views of monarchy. He took on himself all the trappings of an eastern king. After eight hundred years without a monarch, Rome had finally returned back to monarchy.

Arch of Constantine

Mosaic of Emperor Constantine from the Hagia Sophia, c. 1000, Scene: Virgin Mary as Patroness of Constantinople; Constantine with a Model of the City

Constantine, is one of the most noted rulers in Rome for he was the first emperor to convert to Christianity. Constantine, is one of the most noted rulers in Rome for he was the first emperor to convert to Christianity.

8. Theodosius ( ) Theodosius made his mark in history by declaring Christianity the state religion of Rome and making other religions illegal. 395AD: Final division into an Eastern and a Western Empire

Map of the Western & Eastern Roman Empire in A.D. 395

9. The Collapse of Rome In 410, a Germanic tribe captured and sacked Rome. From 451 to 453, Rome was overrun by the Hunnish leader, Attila, and finally, in 455, the Vandals, another Germanic tribe, conquered Rome and in 476, Odoacer deposed the Roman emperor and made himself emperor. In 410, a Germanic tribe captured and sacked Rome. From 451 to 453, Rome was overrun by the Hunnish leader, Attila, and finally, in 455, the Vandals, another Germanic tribe, conquered Rome and in 476, Odoacer deposed the Roman emperor and made himself emperor. Power passed from the Romans to the barbarians war-chiefs. Power passed from the Romans to the barbarians war-chiefs. The Middle Age

The Roman Empire, 500 CE

Outside threats, civil strife, and economic woes weakened Rome’s ability to hold the empire together. Diocletian and Constantine could not revive the divided empire’s economy. The migration of Germanic tribes helped bring about an end to the Roman Empire. The Eastern Empire survived as the Byzantine Empire. DECLINE AND FALL of the Western Empire

10 The Byzantine Empire ( ) Rome passed to two heirs: Europe in the west and, to the east, Byzantium that carried on the government structure, the social structure, the art and the thought of classical Rome and Greece. Rome passed to two heirs: Europe in the west and, to the east, Byzantium that carried on the government structure, the social structure, the art and the thought of classical Rome and Greece. It was the most obvious heir to the culture of the Classical world. It was the most obvious heir to the culture of the Classical world. The Byzantine Empire lasts until Its culture still dominates Eastern Europe and Russia, through Orthodoxy. The Byzantine Empire lasts until Its culture still dominates Eastern Europe and Russia, through Orthodoxy.

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