Hybridization Aspartame Which are polar? : : : : : 1 2 - : : Aspartame 4 : 1 3 - : + : 5 - 1 3 bonds, 1 lone pair sp3 2 2 bonds, 2 lone pair sp2 3 4 bonds, 0 lone pair sp2 4 2 bonds, 2 lone pair sp3 5 4 bonds, 0 lone pair sp3 Which are polar?

Alkanes C H n 2n+2 all C are sp3 hybridized  bonds n root suffix formula 3 prop ane C3H8 4 but ane C4H10 5 pent ane C5H12 6 hex ane C6H14 7 hept ane C7H16 8 oct ane C8H18 9 non ane C9H20 10 dec ane C10H22 1 meth ane C H 4 2 eth ane C2H6

Alkanes n = 1-4 gases n = 5-15 liquids n > 15 solids compound m.w. b.p.(Co) CH4 16 -164 C2H6 30 -88.6 C3H8 44 -42.1 C4H10 58 -0.5 C5H12 72 +36.0 n = 1-4 gases n = 5-15 liquids n > 15 solids

Alkanes IMF = q1q2 n = 1-4 gases r n = 5-15 liquids n > 15 solids ____ r n = 5-15 liquids n > 15 solids IMF = a) ionic b) dipole-dipole c) H-bonding d) LDF d) LDF q  # electrons instantaneous dipole moments - + + -

Alkanes IMF = q1q2 r 72 36.1 72 27.9 72 9.5 structural isomers ____ compound m.w. b.p. 72 36.1 72 27.9 72 9.5 structural isomers same formula different shape r  branching

Reactions of Alkanes combustion __ C3H8 + __ O2  5 __ CO2 + 3 __ H2O 4 exothermic reaction combustion with insufficient O2 __ C3H8 + __ O2  __ CO + __ H2O 3 4 7/2 improperly vented spaces and cigarettes

Reactions of Alkanes Substitution of halogens Cl2  2Cl. step 1 initiation step 2 Cl.+ CH4  CH3. + HCl propagation step 3 CH3.+ Cl2  CH3Cl + Cl. propagation step 4 Cl.+ Cl.  Cl2 termination get a mixture of chlorinated methanes

Halogenation of Alkanes CH3Cl chloro methane methyl chloride   CH2Cl2 di chloromethane methylene chloride  CHCl3 tri chloromethane chloroform  CCl4 tetra chloromethane carbon tetrachloride all liquids at room temperature methane is gas e- rich Cl increases LDF dipole moments Which are soluble in H2O? polar solvent

Nomenclature 1. Pick longest C chain as parent 2. Number C beginning at end with first branch 3. Identify branching substituents Assign each a number 4. Use commas to separate numbers hyphens to separate numbers from names 5. Alphabetize substituents

Nomenclature Structural isomers of C5H12 I. III. II. I. pentane II. 2- 4 1 3 2 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 II. 1 1 2 3 I. pentane II. 2- methyl butane III. 2,2- di methyl propane

Nomenclature R = “alkyl” group 1o 3o primary carbon tertiary carbon 4o secondary carbon quaternary carbon

Nomenclature “common” names to learn: iso propyl alphabetized as i sec- butyl alphabetized as b iso butyl alphabetized as i tert- butyl alphabetized as b