PSYCHOLOGY (9th Edition) David Myers PowerPoint Slides Aneeq Ahmad Henderson State University Worth Publishers, © 2010

Motivation and Work Chapter 11

Sexual Motivation  The Physiology of Sex  The Psychology of Sex  Adolescent Sexuality  Sexual Orientation  Sex and Human Values

Sexual Motivation Sexual motivation is nature’s clever way of making people procreate, enabling our species to survive.

The Physiology of Sex Masters and Johnson (1966) describe the human sexual response cycle as consisting of four phases: PhasePhysiological Response Excitement Genitals become engorged with blood. Vagina expands secretes lubricant. Penis enlarges. Plateau Excitement peaks such as breathing, pulse and blood pressure. Orgasm Contractions all over the body. Increase in breathing, pulse & blood pressure. Sexual release. Resolution Engorged genital release blood. Male goes through refractory phase. Women resolve slower.

Sexual Problems Men generally suffer from two kinds of sexual problems: premature ejaculation and erectile disorder. Women may suffer from orgasmic disorders. These problems are not due to personality disorders and can be treated through behavior therapy and drugs such as Viagra.

Hormones and Sexual Behavior Sex hormones effect the development of sexual characteristics and (especially in animals) activate sexual behavior. MaleTestes Testosterone (Small amounts of estrogen) Female Ovaries Adrenals Estrogen (Small amounts of testosterone)

Estrogen Female animals “in heat” express peak levels of estrogen. Female receptivity may be heightened with estrogen injections. Sex hormones may have milder affects on humans than on animals. Women are more likely to have sex when close to ovulation (increased testosterone), and men show increased testosterone levels when socializing with women.

Testosterone Levels of testosterone remain relatively constant in males, so it is difficult to manipulate and activate sexual behavior. Castration, which reduces testosterone levels, lowers sexual interest.

The Psychology of Sex Hunger responds to a need. If we do not eat, we die. In that sense, sex is not a need because if we do not have sex, we do not die.

External Stimuli It is common knowledge that men become sexually aroused when browsing through erotic material. However, women experience similar heightened arousal under controlled conditions.

Imagined Stimuli Our imagination in our brain can influence sexual arousal and desire. People with spinal cord injuries and no genital sensation can still feel sexual desire. Sotographs/The Gamma-Liaison Network/ Getty Images

Adolescent Sexuality When individuals reach adolescence, their sexual behavior develops. However, there are cultural differences. Sexual promiscuity in modern Western culture is much greater than in Arab countries and other Asian countries.

Contraception 1.Ignorance: Canadian teen girls do not have the right ideas about birth control methods. 2.Guilt Related to Sexual Activity: Guilt reduces sexual activity, but it also reduces the use of contraceptives. 3.Minimal Communication: Many teenagers feel uncomfortable discussing contraceptives. 4.Alcohol Use: Those who use alcohol prior to sex are less likely to use contraceptives. 5.Mass Media: The media’s portrayal of unsafe extramarital sex decreases the use of contraceptives.

Sexually Transmitted Infections 1.High Intelligence: Teens with higher intelligence are likely to delay sex. 2.Religiosity: Religious teens and adults often reserve sex for a marital commitment. 3.Father Presence: A father’s absence from home can contribute to higher teen sexual activity. 4.Learning Programs: Teens who volunteer and tutor in programs dedicated to reducing teen pregnancy are less likely to engage in unsafe sex. Factors that reduce sexual activity in teens.

Sexual Orientation Sexual orientation refers to a person’s preference for emotional and sexual relationships with individuals of the same sex, the other sex, and/or either sex. HomosexualHeterosexual Bisexual

Sexual Orientation Statistics In Europe and America, based on many national surveys, homosexuality in men is 3-4% and in women is 1-2%. As members of a minority, homosexuals often struggle with their sexual orientation.

Origins of Sexual Orientation Homosexuality is more likely based on biological factors like differing brain centers, genetics, and parental hormone exposure rather than environmental factors. Homosexual parents Cynthia Johnson/ Time magazine

Animal Homosexuality A number of animal species are devoted to same-sex partners, suggesting that homosexuality exists in the animal world. Wendell and Cass David Hecker/ AFP/ Getty Images

Genes & Sexual Orientation A number of reasons suggest that homosexuality may be due to genetic factors. 1.Family: Homosexuality seems to run in families. 2.Twin studies: Homosexuality is more common in identical twins than fraternal twins. However, there are mixed results. 3.Fruit flies: Genetic engineers can genetically manipulate females to act like males during courtship and males to act like females.

Sexual Orientation: Biology

Changing Attitudes

Sex and Human Values “Promiscuous recreational sex poses certain psychological, social, health, and moral problems that must be faced realistically” (Baumrind, 1982). Andreanna Seymore/ Getty Images

Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion

Sexual Motivation and Behavior: Determining Desire Hormonal regulation –Estrogens –Androgens –Testosterone Pheromones –Synchronized menstrual cycles Aphrodisiacs Erotic materials Attraction to a Partner The Coolidge effect Evolutionary factors

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The Mystery of Sexual Orientation Heterosexual – Bisexual – Homosexual –A continuum Theories explaining homosexuality –Environmental –Biological –Interactionist

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The Human Sexual Response Masters and Johnson – 1966 Stages: –Excitement –Plateau –Orgasm –Resolution

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Bell-ringer 3 Define promiscuous in your own words.Define promiscuous in your own words. When is the appropriate time to start sexual relationships?When is the appropriate time to start sexual relationships? Is homosexuality an inborn or learned trait? Explain your answer.Is homosexuality an inborn or learned trait? Explain your answer.

IV. Motivation: Sexuality A. Describing Sexual BehaviorA. Describing Sexual Behavior –1. The Kinsey Report a. 18,000 participants asked 350 rapid fire questionsa. 18,000 participants asked 350 rapid fire questions b. Sample wasn’t random and contained too many educated white urbanitesb. Sample wasn’t random and contained too many educated white urbanites c. Poor questioning techniquesc. Poor questioning techniques c. Surprising findingsc. Surprising findings –about 1/2 had premarital sex –most people masturbate –behaviors varied

–2. New Information a. contrary to popular belief most people are faithfula. contrary to popular belief most people are faithful b. 96% have been faithful in the last yearb. 96% have been faithful in the last year c. 91% disapprove of sex outside of marriagec. 91% disapprove of sex outside of marriage B. The Physiology of SexB. The Physiology of Sex –1. The Sexual Response cycle a. Defined = the fours stages of sexual responding described by masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm and resolutiona. Defined = the fours stages of sexual responding described by masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm and resolution –excitement phase = the genital areas become engorged with blood –plateau phase = excitement peaks - blood pressure and breathing increase

–orgasm = muscle contractions all over the body - in women aids in conception –resolution phase = male enters the refractory period b. Refractory period = a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve orgasmb. Refractory period = a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve orgasm –2. Hormones and Sexual Behavior a. Estrogen =a. Estrogen = –a sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males –In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity b. Male hormones are more steady and are not as easily manipulatedb. Male hormones are more steady and are not as easily manipulated

c. Castrationc. Castration –during the 1600’s ’s pre-pubescent boys castrated to preserve their voices - never developed normal sex characteristics or sexual desire –adult men who are castrated loose much of their sexual desire –sexual offenders who undergo chemical castration by taking the drug Depo-Provera also experience a decline in sexual desire C. The Psychology of SexC. The Psychology of Sex –1. External Stimuli a. Both men and women respond to erotic materiala. Both men and women respond to erotic material

b. Study by Julia Heimanb. Study by Julia Heiman –measured sexual response in both males and females –listened to 4 tapes - erotic - romantic - combined erotic and romantic and neutral –both males and females more excited by the erotic explicit tape c. Adverse impact of sexual explicit materialsc. Adverse impact of sexual explicit materials –The rape fallacy - women want to be raped –People devalue their own lives when compared to their on- screen counter parts (after watching pornography men tend to find their wife or girlfriend less appealing) –2. Imagined stimuli a. People who have spinal cord injuries and thus have no genital sensation can still feel sexual desirea. People who have spinal cord injuries and thus have no genital sensation can still feel sexual desire b. Fantasies often involve being taken by someone overwhelmed for themb. Fantasies often involve being taken by someone overwhelmed for them

D. Adolescent SexualityD. Adolescent Sexuality –1. Culture a. Culture is a major determinant of non-marital childbearinga. Culture is a major determinant of non-marital childbearing b. Sexual attitudes and behaviors also change over time within the same cultureb. Sexual attitudes and behaviors also change over time within the same culture

–2. Why do adolescents fail to use condoms a. Ignorance – Many teens could not identify “safe” and “risky” timesa. Ignorance – Many teens could not identify “safe” and “risky” times b. Guilt – Because they may feel guilty about sexual activity they do not planb. Guilt – Because they may feel guilty about sexual activity they do not plan c. Minimal Communication – Many teens are uneasy about discussing sexuality and contraceptives with their parentsc. Minimal Communication – Many teens are uneasy about discussing sexuality and contraceptives with their parents d. Alcohol use – Alcohol lowers inhibition and hinders decision makingd. Alcohol use – Alcohol lowers inhibition and hinders decision making e. Mass media projection of unprotected sex as the norme. Mass media projection of unprotected sex as the norm

E. Sexual OrientationE. Sexual Orientation –1. Sexual orientation = an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own gender or the other gender a. Heterosexual – an attraction to members of the opposite sex.a. Heterosexual – an attraction to members of the opposite sex. b. Homosexual – an attraction to members of the same sex.b. Homosexual – an attraction to members of the same sex. c. Bisexual = an attraction towards both sexes.c. Bisexual = an attraction towards both sexes. –2. Historical Overview a. Homosexuality was originally classified as a psychological disorder in the DSM Ia. Homosexuality was originally classified as a psychological disorder in the DSM I b. Removed as a disorder from the DSM II in 1973 and not listed as a disorder in the DSM IIIb. Removed as a disorder from the DSM II in 1973 and not listed as a disorder in the DSM III

–3. Sexual Identity Development a. How do you identify yourself? You can identify yourself as heterosexual because you are attracted to members of the opposite sex but you may not currently be participating in sexual acts of any kind. You could also say that a person could be heterosexual but participate in homosexual activity. (Spartan warriors or prison situations)a. How do you identify yourself? You can identify yourself as heterosexual because you are attracted to members of the opposite sex but you may not currently be participating in sexual acts of any kind. You could also say that a person could be heterosexual but participate in homosexual activity. (Spartan warriors or prison situations) b. The same could hold true of homosexuals.b. The same could hold true of homosexuals. c. Model’s of homosexual developmentc. Model’s of homosexual development –i. Identity confusion – aware of feeling different –ii. Identity comparison – imagine the possibility that they might be gay.

–iii. Identity tolerance – begin to accept –iv. Identity acceptance – greater acceptance, begin to move away from the heterosexual community –v. Identity pride – Immerse themselves in homosexual culture and may even disparage the heterosexual community –vi. Identity synthesis - move towards integrating their sexual orientation as just one part of who they are. –vii. Most homosexuals report their first homosexual feelings shortly after puberty d. About 3 - 4% of men identify themselves as homosexuals while 1 - 2% of women identify themselves as lesbians.d. About 3 - 4% of men identify themselves as homosexuals while 1 - 2% of women identify themselves as lesbians.

–4. Understanding the origins of Sexual Orientation a. No evidence that childhood experiencesa. No evidence that childhood experiences b. No more likely to become gay if living with a gay parentb. No more likely to become gay if living with a gay parent c. Men who have older brothers are more likely to be gayc. Men who have older brothers are more likely to be gay

–5. The Brain and sexual orientation a. The Simon LeVay Studya. The Simon LeVay Study –did autopsies on brains of hetero and homosexuals –found a section of the hypothalamus was larger in heterosexual men –The key question is when did the difference originate. We cannot know if the homosexuality caused a change in the brain or the brain difference caused the homosexuality b. Allen and Gorski foundb. Allen and Gorski found –That a section of the corpus callosum is 1/3 larger in homosexual men –Again the same question as in the LeVay study arises, when did the change occur?

–4. Genes and Sexual Orientation a. More prevalent in identical twins -52% for men 48% in womena. More prevalent in identical twins -52% for men 48% in women b. Less prevalent in fraternal twins 22% for men and 16% for womenb. Less prevalent in fraternal twins 22% for men and 16% for women –5. Prenatal hormones and Sexual Orientation a. Research using injected hormones causing rats and sheep to act sexually toward the same sexa. Research using injected hormones causing rats and sheep to act sexually toward the same sex b. Critical period exist from 2-5 months after conceptionb. Critical period exist from 2-5 months after conception

c. Gay men and women are more likely to have more fingerprint ridges on their left handsc. Gay men and women are more likely to have more fingerprint ridges on their left hands d. The bigger question may be if it should matter at all what causes homosexuality. Knowing that homosexuality is caused by biological or genetic factors could be helpful in securing gay rights, however it can be a double edged sword.d. The bigger question may be if it should matter at all what causes homosexuality. Knowing that homosexuality is caused by biological or genetic factors could be helpful in securing gay rights, however it can be a double edged sword.