Introduction to Biology II Biology 1312 Dr. Brad Hoge Spring 2007 The Chemical Nature Of Life

Basic Chemistry Atoms (Elements) –Protons –Neutrons –electrons Ions Isotopes

Periodic Table of the Elements

Chemical Bonds Molecules (Compounds) –Ionic bonds –Covalent bonds

Solutions Polar Covalent Bonds Simple Ions Complex Ions

Periodic Table of Elements and Their Ions

Other Properties of Water Cohesion Adhesion Surface Tension Specific Heat Specific Gravity

Chemical Reactions Acid-Base Reactions pH Buffers –Ocean –Blood

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Oxidation Reduction Examples –Photosynthesis –Respiration –Combustion

Organic Chemistry Carbon

Hydrocarbons Methane Ethane Propane Butane Pentane Hexane Heptane Octane Nonane Decane

Polymers Synthetic Polymers Natural Polymers Functional Groups

Carbohydrates Simple Sugars –Glucose Complex Sugars –Disaccharides –Polysaccharides Starch Cellulose

Lipids Fats Oils –Saturated Fats –Monounsaturated Fats –Polyunsaturated Fats

Phospholipids Phospholipid Bilayers Soap

Hormones Cholesterol Caffeine Theobromine

Proteins Polypeptide Chains Amino Acids

Primary Structure Secondary Structure Tertiary Structure Quaternary Structure Denaturation Enzymes

Nucleic Acids RNA –Ribose sugar –Nucleic acid bases Pyrimidines –Cytosine –Uracil Purines –Adenine –Guanine DNA –deoxyribose sugar –Nucleic acid bases Pyrimidines –Cytosine –Thymine Purines –Adenine –Guanine

Protein Synthesis Codons Anticodons mRNA tRNA rRNA