Chapter 8 Solutions

I. Solubility -the maximum amount of a solute that dissolves in a solvent A.Saturated solutions – contain as much solute as the solvent can hold B.Unsaturated solutions – contain LESS than the solvent can hold C.Supersaturated solutions – contain MORE solute than the solvent can hold

II. Properties and Strengths of Acids and Bases A.Acids 1. Produce hydronium ions in water (H 3 0+) 2. Sour taste 3. Reactive with metals 4. Turn BLUE LITMUS PAPER RED 5. Strong acids are Sulfuric acid and Nitric acids 6. Turn Phneolthalein clear 7. Are a 0 to 6 on the pH scale

B. Bases 1. Produce hydroxide ions in water (OH-) 2. Bitter taste 3. Turns RED LITMUS BLUE 4. Turns Phenolthalein PINK 5. Strong bases are Calcium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide 6. Are 8 to 14 on the pH scale

III. pH scale -measures the hydronium concentrations ****YOU MUST MEMORIZE THIS SCALE*** ***Lower the number, the stronger the acid. The higher the number, the stronger the base.

Chapter 10 Radioactivity

I. Nuclear Decay -atoms of one element can change into atoms of different elements. Occurs in unstable nuclei

II. Types of Nuclear Radiation A.Alpha Decay – releases an alpha particle which is the same as a HELIUM nucleus 1. decreases the atomic number by 2 and the mass number by 4 Ex: 2. Alpha particles can be stopped by a sheet of paper.

B. Beta Decay – releases a beta particle, which is the same as an electron 1. has a mass of 0 and the atomic number is 1 since electrons have a -1 charge 2. Example: 3. Stronger than alpha particles and can be stopped by aluminum

C. Gamma Decay – a ray that is a penetrating ray of energy emitted from an unstable nucleus 1. no mass and no charge 2. more penetrating than x-rays 3. travel at the speed of light 4. only stopped by lead

III. Detecting Nuclear Radiation A.Geiger Counters – use gas filled tubes to measure radiation which produces an electric current. The greater the current the more radiation present. B. Film badges – use photographic film, the exposure on the film indicates the amount of radiation

IV. Fission -splitting of the nucleus which release a huge amount of energy and very little mass A. Fission bombs result from neutrons continuing to react uncontrollably.

V. Fusion -the nuclei of two atoms combines and releases huge amounts of energy A.Only occurs at very high temperatures where there is plasma Ex. On the sun B. Could supply all energy needs on earth by using hydrogen

Quiz 1.What can stop a beta particle? 2.What is a gamma ray? 3.What is the only thing that can stop a gamma ray? 4.What is fusion? 5.Where can we found plasma? 6.What is nuclear radiation? 7.Give an example of a gamma ray? 8.What stops an alpha particle? 9.What is fission? 10.What is a beta particle?