Starter

Solutions Day 77

XII. Making solutions A. _________ of one substance into another B. ______ is the substance present in the smaller amount. C. _______ is the substance present in the largest amount. D. ________ is how well one substance will dissolve in another substance. E. _________ means a substance will not dissolve in a solvent. Dissolving Solute Solvent Solubility Insoluble

F. ____________ solutions have a large amount of solute in a solvent. G. ______ solutions have a small amount of solute in a solvent H. _________ solutions have dissolved all the solute that can be dissolved at that temperature. – Additional solute will settle on the bottom of the container. Concentrated Dilute Saturated

I. ___________ solutions can still dissolve more solute. – Additional solute (crystals) will dissolve. J. ______________ solutions have been heated and carefully cooled to dissolved more solute than the solvent normally holds. – Addition of solute (crystals) will cause the excess solute to come out of solution and crystallize. Unsaturated Supersaturated

L. Types of solutions 1. ________________ solutions do not carry an electrical current. EX.: alcohol, sugar, and glycerin 2. ___________ solutions do carry an electrical current and contain ions or polar molecules. a. ____________ occurs when the compound breaks down completely into ions. b. __________ occurs when the compound forms ions when dissolved in the solvent. Non-electrolyte Electrolyte Dissociation Ionization

c. Types of electrolytes i. _____ – a substance that can release hydrogen ions in a water solution to produce hydronium ions (H 3 O+). Also, called proton donors. a) have a ____ taste b) turn ____ litmus paper ___ c) have a pH of ____ than 7.0 d) contain ________ e) are _________ – attack metals Acids sour blue red less hydrogen corrosive

f) ______ acids produce a large number of H+ ions in water, while _____ acids produce a small number of H+ ions in water EX: Strong - HCl, H 2 SO 4, HNO 3,H 3 PO 4 ; Weak - HC 2 H 3 O 2, H 2 CO 3 g) can be ___________ agents – substances that remove water from other substances. Strong weak dehydrating

ii. _____ – substances that form hydroxide ions in water (OH - ). Also, called proton acceptors. a) have a _____ taste b) turn ___ litmus paper ____ c) have a pH of _______ than 7.0 d) usually consist of a _____ and an ____ group NOTE: Not all compounds containing a –OH group are bases. For example, alcohols contain –OH groups, but do not release them in water. Bases bitter redblue greater metal-OH

e) ______ bases produce high concentrations of OH - ions in water. EX: KOH and NaOH f) _____ bases produce low concentrations of OH- ions in water due to being only slightly ionized or soluble in water. EX: NH 4 OH and Ca(OH) 2 g) are ______ – attacks the skin – makes the skin feel slippery strong weak caustic

iii. _____ – compounds produced when the negative ion of an acid joins with the positive ion of a base during neutralization. ____________ is the mixing of equal amounts of an acid and a base, with the canceling of their properties and the formation of water and a salt. Salts Neutralization

a) method of preparation i) direct union (________) 2Na + Cl 2 → 2NaCl metal oxide with nonmetal oxide MgO + CO 2 → MgCO 3 ii) ______ replacement – acid with a metal Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl 2 + H 2 synthesis single

iii) ______ replacement acid with an oxide CaO + 2HCl → CaCl 2 + H 2 O nonmetal oxide with an hydroxide CO + Ca(OH) 2 →CaCO 3 + H 2 O double

b) properties vary: some are _______, while others are ________, and some are ______ soluble; taste varies from _____ to _____; all colors of the _______ are used with _____ being the favorite color; salts can be _______, _______ or _________. soluble insoluble slightly saltybitter rainbowwhite helpful harmfulpoisonous

iv. identifying acids, bases, and salts a) ___ – logarithmic measure of hydrogen ion concentration i) _____ – pH less than 7 – lower the stronger the acid ii) _____ – pH greater than 7 – higher the stronger the base iii) _______ – pH of 7 – equal OH - and H 3 O + concentrations pH acids bases neutral

b) methods of identifying i) _________ – organic compounds that change color in acids and bases. EX: Red cabbage juice, phenolphthalein, litmus paper ii) ________ – instrument that uses an electrical current passed through the solution to determine H + concentration. Indicators pH meter

Solubility Curve