Conflict in the Middle East The formation of a Jewish State

Creating States in the Middle East Conflicts Brewing Boundaries for ME mandates were artificial European creations Just like Africa… Just like Africa… conflict and violence common b/w ethnic groups conflict and violence common b/w ethnic groups Arab Muslims and Non-Arab Muslims Arab Muslims and Non-Arab Muslims Arabs and Jews Arabs and Jews Sunni and Shiite Muslims Sunni and Shiite Muslims Mandates granted independence after WWII, except…. Mandates granted independence after WWII, except….

Conflict b/w Jews & Arabs for 3000 years Zionism - movement to establish a Jewish homeland - gains momentum due to HolocaustZionism - movement to establish a Jewish homeland - gains momentum due to Holocaust Leave it up to the UN Zionists want independent Jewish nationZionists want independent Jewish nation Palestinians want multi-religious nation w/ Palestinian domination.Palestinians want multi-religious nation w/ Palestinian domination. Britain just wants to get out of unsolvable situationBritain just wants to get out of unsolvable situation History of Problems…

UN proposes partition of Palestine into a Palestinian State & a Jewish state; Jerusalem remain an international cityUN proposes partition of Palestine into a Palestinian State & a Jewish state; Jerusalem remain an international city –Islamic states oppose & Palestine opposed –Jews happy, 55% of land only 34% of population May 14, 1948: formation of IsraelMay 14, 1948: formation of Israel –never a Palestinian State The Palestinian Question hangs...

Israel & Arab States in Conflict War!! #1: May 15, 1948: Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, & Syria invaded #1: May 15, 1948: Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, & Syria invaded 1st Arab-Israeli War (War of independence) 1st Arab-Israeli War (War of independence) Victory for Israel Victory for Israel Arab states negotiated cease-fire agreements, but would not sign permanent peace treaties Arab states negotiated cease-fire agreements, but would not sign permanent peace treaties 700,000 Palestinian Arabs become refugees Fled or expelled from areas that Israel took control of, war, and chaos Fled or expelled from areas that Israel took control of, war, and chaos Jewish refugees fled Arab countries, resettled in Israel Jewish refugees fled Arab countries, resettled in Israel

Egypt Under New Leadership 1956: Gamal Abdel Nasser first act was to nationalize the Suez Canal: Suez Crisis! (War #2)=invaded by Br, Fr, & Israel first act was to nationalize the Suez Canal: Suez Crisis! (War #2)=invaded by Br, Fr, & Israel Aswan Dam US & BR refuse to fund, Nasser turns to USSR US & BR refuse to fund, Nasser turns to USSR Benefits of project increase in employment increase in employment electricity production electricity production improved navigation that benefits tourism improved navigation that benefits tourism

Conflicts Continue… #3: 1967 Six-Day War: Israel crushed Arab neighbors & seized Jerusalem, Golan Heights, Sinai Peninsula, & West BankIsrael crushed Arab neighbors & seized Jerusalem, Golan Heights, Sinai Peninsula, & West Bank –buffer zones #4: 1973 Yom Kippur War Arab surprise attack on Yom KippurArab surprise attack on Yom Kippur heavy casualties inflictedheavy casualties inflicted Israelis counterattacked & took back most of landIsraelis counterattacked & took back most of land

Golda Meir Prime Minister of Israel Prime Minister of Israel Led Israel to victory in Yom Kippur War Led Israel to victory in Yom Kippur War −Sought support of United States by not being the aggressor Terrorism at the 1972 Munich Olympics 11 members of Israeli Olympic team taken hostage and eventually killed by Palestinian terrorist group Black September11 members of Israeli Olympic team taken hostage and eventually killed by Palestinian terrorist group Black September Terrorists demanded release and safe passage to Egypt of 234 Palestinians and non-Arabs jailed in IsraelTerrorists demanded release and safe passage to Egypt of 234 Palestinians and non-Arabs jailed in Israel

Peace At Last?? Egyptian President Anwar Sadat 1977: offered Israel peace-first Arab country to recognize Israel1977: offered Israel peace-first Arab country to recognize Israel Camp David Accords Ended 30 years of hostilities between Egypt & IsraelEnded 30 years of hostilities between Egypt & Israel –Israel to return territory seized in 1967 from Egypt, Jordan, & Syria –Israel to recognize the rights of Palestinians

Intifada: PLO (Palestinian Liberation Org.) led by Yasser Arafatled by Yasser Arafat Goal:"liberation of Palestine" through armed struggleGoal:"liberation of Palestine" through armed struggle stronghold in Lebanonstronghold in Lebanon considered by the United States and Israel to be a terrorist organization until 1993considered by the United States and Israel to be a terrorist organization until 1993 Palestinians Demand Independence

1990’s & Early 2000’s1990’s 1993: Declaration of Principles: Israel granted Palestinians self-rule in West Bank1993: Declaration of Principles: Israel granted Palestinians self-rule in West Bank 1994: establishment of Palestinian National Authority1994: establishment of Palestinian National Authority 1997: partial withdrawal of Israeli forces from West Bank1997: partial withdrawal of Israeli forces from West Bank2000’s 2004: Arafat died2004: Arafat died 2006: Hamas won a surprise victory in the Palestinian parliamentary elections2006: Hamas won a surprise victory in the Palestinian parliamentary elections –listed as a terrorist organization; suicide bombings

Post Intifada: 2006 to Present 2006: July 12, 2006 Lebanon War : Continued struggles between Israelis and Palestinians over the Gaza Strip : Attacks on Civilians

in the UN September: Palestine Authority moves a resolution in UN for recognition of Palestine statehood, calling it a 'Palestine Spring'. November: Palestine wins membership of UNESCO while UN vote on statehood is put off amid no support from France and UK; while US had threatened to veto it. Nov 2012: upgrading Palestine to non-member observer state status in the United Nations, was adopted by the 67th session of the UN General Assembly

July 2013 After a five-year break in negotiations, Palestine and Israel agreed to commit to nine months of negotiations, until April 29, The target was to reach a framework deal on the terms of a Palestinian state alongside Israel.

April 2, 2014 Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas on Tuesday resumed a campaign for further international recognition of a state of Palestine, despite a previous promise to suspend such efforts during nine months of negotiations with Israel. Abbas’ decision threw into doubt Israeli claims that a deal was emerging that would have extended Israel-Palestinian talks beyond an April 29 deadline and included the release of Jonathan Pollard, an American convicted of spying on the U.S. for Israel in the 1980s. Abbas signed applications for Palestinians to join to 15 international treaties and conventions.