What were four causes of post- industrial imperialism?

What are two reasons public opinion became important?

Imperialism Quotes “These extraordinary foreign figures.... marched up one by one from the darkness of Barbarism to the footlights of Civilization, and their conquerors, taking their possessions, forget even their names.” Winston Churchill, British officer on the Battle of Ombdurman “It was not a battle, it was an execution.” British observer, Battle of Omdurman

Chapter 24 I. Imperialism A. Causes of pre-industrial imperialism 1. search for precious metals & luxury products 2. spread of Christianity 3. took land to grow cash crops

B. Results of post-industrial imperialism 1. Euro colonies estab in the interior of Africa & Asia 2. Euros built up militaries to settle colonial disputes with other Euros 3. Still sent Christian missionaries (set up schools)

C. Dutch colonies 1. Estab by Dutch East India Comp 2. Java a. 1600s: settled, Dutch were vassals of the Sultan of Mataran b. Dutch hired Javanese mercenaries & settled succession disputes in return for land grants c. Javanese social system left alone d. intermarriage was common

D. British India 1. Began w/ trading companies; Euros estab sm trading enclaves (pepper, cotton, silk, coffee, tea) s: Robert Clive (GB) & Joseph Dupleix (Fr) estab infl in India 3. India had no unity, always fighting each other 4. Brits recruited natives as mercenaries

5. 7 Yrs War: (B. of Plassey) GB wins, get access to Bengal; end of Fr influence in India 6. Indian social system left (mostly) alone

Battle of Plassey: 1757

Sepoys, 1850s

The Sepoy Mutiny: 1857

Growth of Brit Empire in India India becomes “jewel in the crown” for Brits; lots of natural resources & ports, a great location for global trading empire Brits move there  more white settlers than any other colony

Sepoys

Cawnpore Massacre

A Steamboat for the Congo River, 1895 Soon after the Congo Basin was occupied by Europeans in the late nineteenth century, the new colonial rulers realized they needed to improve transportation. Since access from the sea was blocked by rapids on the lower Congo River, steamboats had to be brought in sections, hauled from the coast by thousands of Congolese over very difficult terrain. This picture from The Congo, Vol. 2, by the American journalist Henry Morton Stanley, 1885, shows the pieces arriving at Stanley Pool, ready to be reassembled. A Steamboat for the Congo River, 1895

Random & Useless Brits make all major decisions Encouraged cash crops (tea, coffee, opium): made colonial economies dependent on foreigners Blt telegraphs, railrds, irrig systems to support commerce Better health & sanitation Set up Brit schools for elite to teach “British values” (thrift, hard work, etc) Outlawed violent customs, but allowed most social traditions to stay intact Brits rule India

Sati

British India

Social system In Java & in India, this was mostly left alone

Preindustrial colonialists extended capitalist values and took land for these Cash crops

East India Companies 18 th century empires in Asia were acquired by agents of these companies acting on their own

Like the Dutch in Java, the Brits recruited mercenaries to their army from this group Natives

The Battle of Plassey The British controlled India after this final battle against the French

Military Euros used conflicts over colonies to justify the build up of this

Using Javanese mercenaries, the Dutch were able to gain access to this in Java Land

In 1620, this group was content to be vassals to the Javanese Sultan The Dutch

Write down two reasons it was difficult for Indian princes to fight the British military

Africa in 1885

Africa in 1914

Maxim gun

Suez Canal

Middle East

The Suez Canal Began in 1859 w/ Fr $ & Fr engineer Ferdinand deLessups. Built by Egyptians wkrs Opened in 1869 In 1956 Egyptian Pres Nasser nationalized the canal, taking back for Egypt Nasser was angry that Western powers would not loan him $ to build the Aswan High Dam

Opening of Suez Canal

Battle of Omdurman

This battle was the last major battle in which the British Army fought on horseback. But the young man's excitement at going to war, - he was 25 years old at the time - was again to be replaced by horror and deep sorrow at the sight of the huge number of dead after the battle, and the terrible state of all the injured - on both sides - left to the flies and vultures in the searing heat of the desert. Churchill wept. He was to do so frequently in his life. He wrote to his mother on the 26th of January 1899, 'Our victory was disgraced by the inhuman slaughter of the wounded and Lord Kitchener was responsible for this.'

F. Africa 1. Many “settler” colonies (Euro families lived there) set up, angered Af. Mid class & elite 2. Educ in African colonies usually by missionaries 3. By 1914: only Liberia & Ethiopia not colonized by Euros

Victorious Ethiopians, 1896 Among the states of Africa in the late nineteenth century, Ethiopia alone was able to defend itself against European imperialism. In the 1880s, hemmed in by Italian advances to its east and north and by British advances to its south and west, Ethiopia purchased modern weapons and trained its army to use them. Thus prepared, the Ethiopians defeated an Italian invasion at Adowa in These Ethiopian army officers wore their most elaborate finery to pose for a photograph after their victory. Victorious Ethiopians, 1896

4. Mostly cash crops (rubber, palm oil, cocoa, cotton), which made colonies dependent on Euros for imported food 5. colonizers made natives work harder by making them pay head or hut taxes payable in commodities (crops)

6. South Africa a. 1600s: Dutch farmers (Boers) settled in S Africa b. 1815: Cape Colony annexed by Brits c. 1835: The Great Trek: Boers move inland & set up 2 republics d. 1866: Gold disc in Transvaal, but Boers can’t mine it

Africa in 1914

: Boer War 350K Brits vs. 65K Boers (Dutch farmers). Brits put civilians in concentration camps, burn everything  led to long term colonial hatred of Brits (unlike Aust & Canada). Brits win, Dutch (Boer) republics & Cape Colony unite

Cape to Cairo

Cecil Rhodes

Diamond mining, S. Africa, 1889 The discovery of diamonds in the Transvaal, in southern Africa, in 1867, attracted prospectors to the area around Kimberley. The first wave of prospectors consisted of individual "diggers," including a few Africans. By the late 1870s, surface deposits had been exhausted and further mining required complex and costly machinery. After 1889, one company, De Beers Consolidated, owned all the diamond mines. The photograph shows the entrance to a mineshaft and mine workers surrounded by heavy equipment. Diamond mining, S. Africa, 1889

“Pile on the Brown Man’s burden! And if ye rouse his hate, Meet his old-fashioned reasons With Maxims up to date, With shells and Dum Dum bullets A hundred times plain The Brown Man’s loss must never Imply the White Man’s gain.” --Henry Labouchere, British Parliament

Ethiopia By 1914, all of Africa had fallen to European countries except Liberia & this country

Missionaries ? Colonial education systems in Africa were sponsored by this group

Head or hut taxes (payable in commodities) Colonies used this incentive to make natives work harder

South Africa This African country was annexed by the British in 1815

The middle class The increase in the European population of colonies led to tensions among this group of natives

Dependent Euros dominated the global mkt & colonial economies became this