THE RENAISSANCE APRIL, 2016

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS 1.What caused the Renaissance to begin in Italy? 2.How did humanism influence the development of the Renaissance? 3.How did art evolve during the time of the Renaissance? 4.Who were the influential artists and writers in the Renaissance period?

WHAT IS THE RENAISSANCE?  Renaissance = means rebirth o Europe was recovering from the Dark Ages and the plague  Many people lost their faith in the church & put more focus on human beings  Began mainly in Italy o Urban societies o Major trading centers  Secular o Moved away from life in the church o Focuses more on material objects and enjoying life

MAJOR ITALIAN CITIES  Italy failed to become united during the Middle Ages o Many independent city-states emerged in northern and central Italy that played an important role in Italian politics and art.  Florence, Genoa, Milan, Naples, Papal States, Venice

PATRONS OF THE ARTS  Patron = financial supporter of the arts o How many of the famous Renaissance artists became successful  Patrons would gain notoriety and would consider it as charity

HUMANISM  How did classical knowledge of the ancient Greeks and Romans foster humanism in the Italian Renaissance?  Humanism = an intellectual movement that focused on worldly rather than religious matters o Celebrated the individual o Stimulated the study of Greek and Roman literature and culture o Was supported by wealthy patrons

RENAISSANCE ART  The Renaissance produced new ideas that were reflected in the arts, philosophy, and literature  Education became more secular o Secular = worldly rather than religious  Medieval art and literature focused on the Church and salvation  Renaissance art and literature focused on individuals and worldly matters, along with Christianity o Showed that society was becoming more modern and moving more towards logic rather than religion

RENAISSANCE ARTISTS  Embraced ideals of Greece and Rome in their art  They wanted their subjects to be realistic and focus on humanity and emotion  New technique emerged o Perspective o Vanishing point o Frescos: Painting done on wet plaster  Gave painting depth o Sculpture emphasized realism and the human form o Architecture reached new heights of design

RENAISSANCE ART  Circulate through the room, looking at the different Renaissance paintings o Choose 5 of the 10 paintings to look at, answering the questions on the subsequent worksheet  Think: What are the characteristics in each painting of Renaissance Art?

LEONARDO DA VINCI   He was a Florentine painter, sculptor, architect, engineer o Considered a “Genius”  Most popular works include: o Mona Lisa o The Last Supper o Vitruvian Man

MONA LISA

THE LAST SUPPER

NOTEBOOKS

MICHELANGELO   Florentine sculptor, engineer, painter, architect, and poet o Painted/sculpted many biblical scenes as well as ancient Greek and Roman myths  Most popular works include: o Sistine Chapel o David

David Michelangelo created his masterpiece, David, in 1504

SISTINE CHAPEL About a year after creating David, Pope Julius II summoned Michelangelo to Rome to work on his most famous project, the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.

Creation of Eve Creation of Adam Separation of Light and Darkness The Last Judgment

RAPHAEL   Younger than Michelangelo and Leonardo o Studied their works  Paintings known to blend Christian and classical styles  Most popular works include: o Mary o The School of Athens

THE SCHOOL OF ATHENS

Pythagoras Socrates Plato and Aristotle

Euclid Zoroaster & Ptolemy Raphael (back) 

LITERATURE  Literature flourished during the Renaissance  More and more people were becoming educated and literate o With the new wealth in the city-states, people could focus on other things such as schooling  Flourishing of literature can be greatly attributed to Johannes Gutenberg o In 1455 Gutenberg printed the first book produced by using moveable type  The Bible

ERASMUS  Dutch Humanist  Pushed for a vernacular form of the Bible o Questioned the church’s motives and morals  The Praise of Folly o Used humor to show immoral and ignorant behavior of people & clergy  Felt people should be open minded and kind to others

“I disagree very much with those who are unwilling that Holy Scripture, translated into the vernacular, be read by the uneducated. As If the strength of the Christian religion consisted in the ignorance of it” - Erasmus

SIR THOMAS MORE  English Humanist  Wrote: Utopia o A book about a perfect society  Believed men and women live in harmony, no private property, no one is lazy, all people are educated, and the justice system is used to end crime instead of executing criminals o Grounds for communism

NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI  A Florentine diplomat  Most famous work is The Prince o Used personal knowledge and experience to tell rulers how to gain and maintain power  Stressed ends justify the means  Urged rulers to use whatever means necessary, fair or not  He is considered a very controversial figure today

“Upon this a question arises: whether it is better to be loved than feared or feared than loved? It may be answered that one should wish to be both, but, because it is difficult to unite them in one person, it is much safer to be feared than loved, when, of the two, either must be dispensed with. Because this is to be asserted in general of men, that they are ungrateful, fickle, false, cowardly, covetous, and as long as you successes they are yours entirely; they will offer you their blood, property, life, and children, as it said above, when the need is far distant; but when it approaches they turn against you. And that prince who, relying entirely on their promises, has neglected other precautions, is ruined; because friendships that are obtained by payments, and not by nobility or greatness of mind, may indeed be earned, but they are not secured, and in time of need cannot be relied upon; and men have less scruple in offending one who is beloved than one who is feared, for love is preserved by the link of obligation which, owing to the baseness of men, is broken at every opportunity for their advantage; but fear preserved you by a dread of punishment which never fails. Nevertheless a prince ought to inspire fear in such a way that, if he does not win love, he avoids hated; because he can endure very well being feared whilst he is not hatred, which will always be as long as he abstains from the property of his citizens and subjects and from their women.

THE RENAISSANCE SPREADS  The Renaissance began flourishing in Italy o Soon it would spread to more of mainland Europe  This was a sign that Europe was becoming more modern o With it came a flourishing of culture  Education  Arts  Science  Technologies  Overall understanding of the world o Also leads to exploration and understanding the greater world