Life Cycle GHG Emission and Energy Consumption for Production of Biodiesel Using Catalyst from Crude Palm Oil and Curde Jatropha Curcas Oil in Indonesia Kiman Siregar 1,2, Armansyah H.Tambunan 1,*, Abdul K.Irwanto 3, Soni S.Wirawan 4, and Tetsuya Araki 5 1 Graduate School of Agricultural Engineering, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), Darmaga Campus P.O. Box 220 Bogor 16002, Indonesia 2 Agricultural Engineering Depart.,Syiah Kuala University, Jl.Tgk. Hasan Krueng Kalee No.3 Kopelma Darussalam-Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia 3 Graduate School of Management, Bogor Agricultural of University, Darmaga Campus Bogor 16002, Indonesia 4 Energy Technology Centre-BPPT, B2TE Kawasan Puspitek Serpong Gd.620 Setu Tangerang Selatan 15314,Indonesia 5 Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi Bunkyo Ward Tokyo , Japan *Corresponding Author: Introduction The most reliable alternative for substitution of the fossil fuel is biodiesel. As one of the world’s largest CPO producer, Indonesia uses CPO to produce biodiesel. European countries claim that production of biodiesel from palm oil contributes carbon emission to atmosphere along its production path. Furthermore, US EPA- NODA states that palm oil based biodiesel can only reduce GWP emission by 17% compared to fossil-fuel based. The minimum requirement to enter global market is 20% for US and 35% for EU. This condition could make barrier to Indonesia. Scientific approach through Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) can be used as a tool to assess this issue. Introduction The most reliable alternative for substitution of the fossil fuel is biodiesel. As one of the world’s largest CPO producer, Indonesia uses CPO to produce biodiesel. European countries claim that production of biodiesel from palm oil contributes carbon emission to atmosphere along its production path. Furthermore, US EPA- NODA states that palm oil based biodiesel can only reduce GWP emission by 17% compared to fossil-fuel based. The minimum requirement to enter global market is 20% for US and 35% for EU. This condition could make barrier to Indonesia. Scientific approach through Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) can be used as a tool to assess this issue. Objective The objective of the research is to analyze and compare Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of oil palm and Jathropa curcas as feedstock for biodiesel in Indonesia from cradle to gate using data based found in Indonesia Objective The objective of the research is to analyze and compare Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of oil palm and Jathropa curcas as feedstock for biodiesel in Indonesia from cradle to gate using data based found in Indonesia Acknowledgement This research was supported by Directorate General of Higher Education, Ministry of Education and Culture of Indonesia under competitive grant and JSPS-DGHE Bilateral Join Research Project. Acknowledgement This research was supported by Directorate General of Higher Education, Ministry of Education and Culture of Indonesia under competitive grant and JSPS-DGHE Bilateral Join Research Project. Methods The system boundary for LCA study is shown in Fig.1., which is a cradle to gate assessment. The production cycle to be assessed consists of eight sub-processes. The functional unit (FU) of this study is 1 ton of biodiesel fuel (BDF) production from jatropha and oil palm. Data to be used in this study was from oil palm plantation in PTPN VIII Unit Kebun Kertajaya Banten and from Jatropha curcas centre Pakuwon Sukabumi West Java, and secondary data. Catalytic transesterification experiment was conducted in a facility owned by Agency for Technology Assessment and Application of Indonesia (Capacity = 1 ton BDF/day). Each stage of analysis and calculations was carried out before and after the plants yield the usable fruits. Based on the field survey, oil palm and jatropha will have stable productivity after 5 th years from seed plantation. Transportation from seedling to plantation area and from plantation to palm oil mills and from palm oil mills to biodiesel plant were also considered, palm oil mills assumed have implemanted methane capture, and excluding land use change. Fig.1. The system boundary of this study Methods The system boundary for LCA study is shown in Fig.1., which is a cradle to gate assessment. The production cycle to be assessed consists of eight sub-processes. The functional unit (FU) of this study is 1 ton of biodiesel fuel (BDF) production from jatropha and oil palm. Data to be used in this study was from oil palm plantation in PTPN VIII Unit Kebun Kertajaya Banten and from Jatropha curcas centre Pakuwon Sukabumi West Java, and secondary data. Catalytic transesterification experiment was conducted in a facility owned by Agency for Technology Assessment and Application of Indonesia (Capacity = 1 ton BDF/day). Each stage of analysis and calculations was carried out before and after the plants yield the usable fruits. Based on the field survey, oil palm and jatropha will have stable productivity after 5 th years from seed plantation. Transportation from seedling to plantation area and from plantation to palm oil mills and from palm oil mills to biodiesel plant were also considered, palm oil mills assumed have implemanted methane capture, and excluding land use change. Fig.1. The system boundary of this study Results From Fig.2 and Fig.3, it can be seen that the GHG value for oil palm is higher than Jatropha curcas in every stages except for planting and biodiesel production stages. The most significant environmental impact based on GHG value is caused by fertilizing and biodiesel production stages both at oil palm and Jatropha curcas Results From Fig.2 and Fig.3, it can be seen that the GHG value for oil palm is higher than Jatropha curcas in every stages except for planting and biodiesel production stages. The most significant environmental impact based on GHG value is caused by fertilizing and biodiesel production stages both at oil palm and Jatropha curcas Conclusions Utilization of agrochemical in form of fertilizer and plant protection generate significant contribution to environmental impact of biodiesel production i.e % and 37.56% for oil palm and Jatropha curcas oil, respectively. The GHG emission value before stable productivity is kg-CO 2 eq./ton-BDF for palm oil and kg-CO 2 eq./ton-BDF for Jatropha curcas. When the productivity has reached stability, the GHG emission value is kg-CO 2 eq./ton-BDF for palm oil and kg-CO 2 eq./ton-BDF for Jatropha curcas. The energy input in palm oil is higher than Jathropa curcas as show by higher the NEB which is and for oil palm and jatropha curcas, respectively and by lower the RI value which is and for oil palm and jatropha curcas, respectively. Compared to diesel fuel, CO 2 eq. emission is reduced up to 49.27% and 73.06% for BDF-CPO and BDF-CJCO, respectively Conclusions Utilization of agrochemical in form of fertilizer and plant protection generate significant contribution to environmental impact of biodiesel production i.e % and 37.56% for oil palm and Jatropha curcas oil, respectively. The GHG emission value before stable productivity is kg-CO 2 eq./ton-BDF for palm oil and kg-CO 2 eq./ton-BDF for Jatropha curcas. When the productivity has reached stability, the GHG emission value is kg-CO 2 eq./ton-BDF for palm oil and kg-CO 2 eq./ton-BDF for Jatropha curcas. The energy input in palm oil is higher than Jathropa curcas as show by higher the NEB which is and for oil palm and jatropha curcas, respectively and by lower the RI value which is and for oil palm and jatropha curcas, respectively. Compared to diesel fuel, CO 2 eq. emission is reduced up to 49.27% and 73.06% for BDF-CPO and BDF-CJCO, respectively Fig.2. The GHG emission on BDF-CPOFig.3. The GHG emission on BDF-CJCO Fig. 2 shows that oil palm’s GHG value of eight sub-processes which consist of land preparation, seedling, planting, fertilizing, protection, harvesting, palm oil mills, and biodiesel production is 0.44 %, 0.61 %, 0.91 %, %, %, 1.23 %, %, and %, respectively. While for Jatropha curcas as shown in Fig. 3 is 0.63 %, 0.74 %, %, %, 4.02 %, 0.48 %, 1.08 %, and %, respectively Fig.4 and Fig.5, show that energy consumption for oil palm is higher than Jatropha curcas in every stages except for planting and biodiesel production. The largest energy consumption for Jathropa curcas occurs in biodiesel production sub-process i.e MJ/ton-BDF. While the largest energy consumption for oil palm is fertilizing sub-process i.e MJ/ton-BDF Fig.4. The energy value on BDF-CPOFig.5. The energy value on BDF-CJCO Fig.6 shows decreasing GHG emission value from year-1 to year-5, and stable from year-6 to year-25. Fig.7 shows the value of the total energy consumption (fossil, non- renewable energy consumption, andrenewable energy consumption) Fig.6. GHG emission (1-25 year) Fig.7. Fossil energy consmt.(1-25 year) Fig.8.shows NEB (net energy balance) of BDF-CPO and BDF-CJCO value throughout its life cycle. Fig. 9 shows RI (renewable index) value ​​ for BDF-CPO and BDF-CJCO. Fig.8. NEB of BDF-CPO and BDF-CJCO Fig.9. RI of BDF-CPO and BDF-CJCO Fig.10 displays combination values of CO 2 emission before and after stable production for crude palm oil (BDF-CPO) and biodiesel fuel from crude Jatropha curcas oil (BDF-CJCO) is 49.27% and 73.06%, respectively Fig.10. Fossil fuel vs biodiesel INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SUSTAINABLE RURAL DEVELOPMENT (ICRSD) “Sustainable Rural Development – Towards a Better World” Purwokerto, Central Java, INDONESIA, August 25-26, 2013