© 2014 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Class Name, Instructor Name Date, Semester Lasley & Guskos, Criminal Investigation: An Illustrated Case Study Approach 1ed Chapter 3 THE PROCESS OF INVESTIGATING CRIME

© 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Describe the preliminary investigation Describe the investigative process and the stages of criminal investigation Explain the first responder’s duties during the preliminary investigation Identify the investigator’s role during the preliminary investigation Explain the proper methods of crime scene photography and videography CHAPTER OBJECTIVES Explain the proper methods of crime scene sketching Describe the proper ways of conducting a crime scene search

Describe the preliminary investigation Learning Objectives After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes

Preliminary Scene 4

5 Criminal Investigators Investigators DetectivesInspectors Special Agents

Criminal Investigators & Evidence Physical Evidence: blood, fingerprints, soil, firearms, etc. Testimonial Evidence: statements Documentary Evidence: maps, notes, sketches

Physical Evidence 7

8 Traits of Investigators Science: be familiar with scientific principle Psychology: Know how to deal with people of different backgrounds Communication: Must communicate clearly to persons of all cultures and backgrounds

9 Traits of Investigators Law: Solid understanding of legal requirements of specific crimes Ethics: Aware of consequences to their actions w/case involvement Economics: Decision making regarding cost-benefit analysis of case resolution

10 Investigative Team Crime Scene Technician: evidence search and collection Crime Scene Photographer: Photo/video evidence Dispatcher: communications personnel Patrol Officer: First responder to crime scene

11 Investigative Team Criminalist: Criminal scientist trained in biology, chemistry, etc. Forensic Scientist: Analyze crime scene evidence Confidential Informant: Provides police with information criminal in nature Other Team Members: EMT’s, firefighters, K9, etc.

Goals & Objectives of Criminal Investigation CIA C—establish whether a crime has been committed I—identify suspects involved in the criminal activity A—associate suspects, victims, and the crime scene 12

13 Cases Hot Offender still at large Near crime scene Warm Suspect fled scene Scene still has fresh evidence Cold Year or more where nothing has changed No suspect leads

Describe the investigative process and the stages of criminal investigation Learning Objectives After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes

15 Investigative Stages Crime Detection Preliminary Investigation Follow-up Investigation Case Preparation and Prosecution

Explain the first responder’s duties during the preliminary investigation Learning Objectives After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes

17 First Responder’s Role Note/Log Preliminary Call Information Watch for vehicles and persons of interest within or leaving the crime scene Scan, assess, and reassess for officer safety issues

18 First Responder’s Role Assess and address emergency medical care issues Control, identify, secure, and initially interview persons at the crime scene Establish crime scene boundaries

19 First Responder’s Role Identify and preserve crime scene evidence Notify and brief investigators Review and prepare final documentation

Identify the investigator’s role during the preliminary investigation Learning Objectives After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes

21 Investigator’s at the Crime Scene Establish division of labor Obtain information from first responders Interview key individuals Conduct a reassessment of the crime scene Canvass the crime scene vicinity

Examining the Crime Scene 22 Map out the crime scene: Rough sketch of key areas Core—primary area of crime scene Peripheral crime scene—inner area Extended area Perform a walk through: Learn nature and quality of evidence Develop plan for searching Create staging area Create storage area

Electronic crime scenes Physical crime scenes Crime scene technicians 23 Processing the Crime Scene Evidence collection teams

Explain the proper methods of crime scene photography and videography Learning Objectives After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes

25 Forensic photography Resource for investigators Document evidence from various angles Relevant and material Photo logs are kept Photos tell a story Specialized photographic techniques used by CSTs Photographing a Crime Scene

Night Photography 26

27 Introduction by investigator Record from outside in Move camera steady and slow Use a zoom lens for key evidence pieces Do not try to exaggerate a crime scene Never edit original content Forensic Videography

Explain the proper methods of crime scene sketching Learning Objectives After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes

29 Crime Scene Sketch Locations Distances Computerized and automated methods Rough sketch created at crime scene Elevated perspective Finished sketch completed at the office of the detective

Crime Scene Measurements Rectangular coordinates –Best for indoor crime scenes, 2 fixed points Triangulation –Used anywhere, most precise, measurements taken at various angles Baseline coordinates –Straight line measurements, used anywhere Polar coordinates –Large outdoor crime scenes, datum point Total station –Indoor/outdoor surveyor’s transit –Uses advanced electronic distance meter and imaging systems

Measuring the Crime Scene 31

Describe the proper ways of conducting a crime scene search Learning Objectives After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes

33 Crime Scene Search Methods Line or Strip—lanes or strips across a search area Grid—double- strip technique Spiral— concentric circles from inside out Link—searches along paths most likely to contain evidence Zone—artificially constructed

Crime Scene Searches 34

Completing the Crime Scene After all evidence has been identified, collected, and processed this occurs: –Release of the crime scene –Final walk-through by detectives 35

© 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved The primary role of criminal investigators is to focus on the specific aspects of evidence needed to establish whether or not a crime has been committed; and, if they do, to discover the necessary evidence to prove that a particular suspect committed or did not commit the crime. In addition to identifying crimes and criminal suspects, investigators must gather sufficient evidence to build cases that can be successfully prosecuted in a court of law. The first stage of the investigative process involves the detection of a crime. The second stage of the investigative process begins with the preliminary investigation, which is initiated at the time authorities begin their response to the crime. The preliminary investigation comes to a close when the initial search of the crime scene is concluded. The third stage is the follow-up investigation, where further evidence is gathered to build a case. The fourth and last stage requires the investigators to use available evidence to build a case for prosecution. CHAPTER SUMMARY

© 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved The investigator’s role at the crime scene is to facilitate and coordinate evidence gathering activities at the scene. This includes conducting a reassessment of the first responder’s crime scene setup, interviewing witnesses, coordinating a canvass of the crime scene vicinity, performing a preliminary walk-through of the crime scene, as well as processing and documenting the crime scene for available evidence. CHAPTER SUMMARY First responders have the following primary duties during the preliminary investigation: 1. Approaching the Crime Scene, 2. Entering the Crime Scene, 3. Controlling and Securing the Crime Scene, 4. Establishing Crime Scene Boundaries, 5. Preserving Crime Scene Evidence, and 6. Briefing the Investigators and Documenting the Crime Scene.

© 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved 1. Rectangular Coordinates, 2. Triangulation, 3. Baseline Coordinates, 4. Polar Coordinates, and 5. Total Station Method. CHAPTER SUMMARY 1. Line or Strip, 2. Grid, 3. Spiral, 4. Link, 5. Zone. Photographs are taken to create a permanent record of the crime scene and crime scene evidence. Photos of individual pieces of evidence are taken in a series that captures long- range, mid-range, and close-up images to tell the story of the crime committed, and to show the evidence within the context of the entire crime scene. Photographs are taken in color, with the exception of black-and-white images combined with oblique lighting to create contrast to capture the 3-D aspects of impression evidence such as footprints and tire tracks.