Glands and their hormones Pituitary Pineal Thyroid/Parathyroid Adrenal Pancreas Gonads Placenta

Pituitary Location: Diencephalon

TWO portions: Anterior and Posterior Anterior Pituitary –TSH – Thyroid stimulating hormone –GH – Growth hormone –PRL – Prolactin –Gonadotropins (sub group)  FSH and LH, which target other endocrine glands.

TSH – Thyroid stimulating hormone Super easy  triggers the release of thyroid hormones Great example of how some hormones trigger the release of other hormones!

(GH) Growth hormone Responsible for growth – –Target: muscles and long bones –Imbalance: »Too much = Gigantism »Too little = Dwarfism

(PRL) - Prolactin Target: breasts Stimulates and maintains milk production by mother’s breasts Males? Who knows, but it’s there!

Gonadotropins Gonadotropins (group of hormones): Target: Gonads of males/females ( testes and ovaries ) Purpose: regulate hormonal activity in gonads LH – Luteinizing hormone FSH – Follicle-stimulating hormone

LHFSH MaleProduction of testosterone Production of mature sperm Female Estrogen and progesterone production Triggers ovulation Production of mature eggs

Posterior Pituitary **Important** Not an actual gland!! *Storage for hormones Hormones: Oxytocin ADH - Antidiuretic

Oxytocin Target: Uterus Purpose: stimulates uterine contractions (labor) Synthetic: –“Pitocin” – used to induce labor

( ADH) – Antidiuretic hormone Target: Kidneys Purpose: cause kidney’s to absorb more water from the forming urine AND blood volume increases Too much: increase blood pressure and pee very little Too little: Pee a LOT (alcohol consumption reduces ADH production)

Pineal Gland Location: Diencephalon

Pineal Gland ** Somewhat unknown gland Melatonin – Target: The brain Purpose: “Sleep trigger” *Levels rise and fall during the day Too much = sleepy Too little = awake

Thyroid Location: Base of the throat

Thyroid Thyroid hormones –Target: EVERY cell in the body –Purpose: – “metabolic hormone” – controls rate at which glucose is burned and converted to chemical energy for the body –Normal tissue growth Calcitonin –Target: Skeleton and Kidneys –Purpose : decrease calcium levels in the blood Decreases activity of osteoclasts, which in turn maintains the calcium in the bone This decreases blood calcium levels (duh! Because its staying in the bone and not in the blood)

Parathyroid Location: Surface of the thyroid gland Hormone: (PTH) – Parathyroid hormone Target: –Main: Skeleton and Kidneys –Purpose : increase calcium levels in the blood Skeleton  osteoclasts get to work! (release calcium into blood) Kidneys  increase reabsorption of calcium (returning it to the blood)

STOP! – In the name of love…. Let’s analyze this relationship of balancing calcium in the body!! WOOT WOOT!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Adrenal Glands Location: top of kidney’s

Adrenal Produces THREE major groups of hormones 1.Mineralocorticoids 2.Glucocorticoids 3.Catecholamines

Mineralocorticoids include.. Aldosterone – Target: Kidneys Purpose: regulates salt, water, and electrolyte content of the blood (hence mineralocorticoids) High aldosterone means low salt content *hence: less salt = more water

Glucocorticoids include… Cortisol- (hydrocortisone) Target: All cells Purpose: Regulate glucose production (hence glucocorticoids) (from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates) Anti-inflammatory properties: –Inhibit white blood cell activities –Used on allergic reactions to reduce the swelling and itchiness caused by the white blood cell reaction.

Catecholamines ( Epinephrine) Target: Variety of locations around the body Purpose: –Release glucose into blood stream –Speed up ATP production **Side effects have been previously discussed

STOP! - Hammer time! On your OWN piece of paper, complete the following A. Draw an organizational chart of your own design to include the following: 1.Key idea – Hormones of the Adrenal Gland 2.Include the THREE hormones discussed 3.Include the functions of the THREE hormones 4.Include a quick- sketch of the function of the THREE hormones (include the important details of the target and function within your sketch)

Pancreas Location: between kidneys; close to stomach

Pancreas Insulin- Target: All cells Purpose: Transports glucose across cell membranes to be broken down and used (glucose = energy for cells)  VITAL!!! Stimulus: High levels of glucose in the blood = insulin release

Pancreas cont’d Glucagon Target: Liver (overall = all cells) Purpose: Increases glucose levels in the blood by stimulating the liver to break down glycogen into glucose Stimulus: Low levels of glucose in the blood = more production of glucose

Gonads Male   Female

Ovaries…. Do not begin to function until the gonadotropic hormones (LH and FSH) of the anterior pituitary stimulate them Hormones: 1.Estrogens 2.Progesterones

Estrogens… (estrone and estradiol) Target: Uterus and various body parts Purpose: Works with progesterones to prepare uterus for fertilized egg (menstrual cycle) Also  Stimulates development of secondary sex characteristics in females: a.Growth and maturation of reproductive organs b.Hair growth in pubic and axillary regions

Progesterones… Target: Uterus Purpose: a. Works with estrogens to prepare the uterus for fertilized egg (menstrual cycle) (During pregnancy): b. keeps the uterus from contracting c. Helps prepare the breast tissue for lactation

Menstrual cycle

Testes Testosterone Target: Testes and various body parts Purpose: Development of male sex characteristics a.Growth and maturation of reproductive organs (including sperm production) b.Growth of facial hair, lowering voice, development of heavy bones and muscles

Placenta **Temporary organ!** Forms in the uterus of pregnant women (hCG) – human chorionic gonadotropin Target: ovaries Purpose : trigger for continual release of estrogens and progesterones so the fetus is not flushed out through menses * Assumes this job in the third month.. ovaries become inactive for remainder of pregnancy

The END!!