ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Hypothalamus Part of the brain anterior to the brainstem Responsible for the direct control of the endocrine system through the pituitary gland Produces hormones that either affect the function of the pituitary gland, or are stored and later released. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH_ Oxytocin

Pituitary Gland Small, pea-sized lump of tissue connected to the Hypothalamus Posterior Pituitary Nervous tissue Anterior Pituitary True glandular part Controlled by hormones produced in the hypothalumus Important Hormones – Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Human Growth Hormone (HGH)

Pineal Gland Found just posterior to the thalamus of the brain Produces Melatonin Helps to regulate circadian rhythm Controlled by stimulated of the photoreceptors in the retina (i.e. melatonin is only produced in low light or darkness) Increased melatonin production causes humans to feel drowsy at nighttime when the pineal gland is active

Thyroid Gland Located at the base of the neck and wrapped around the lateral sides of the trachea Produces three hormones Calcitonin Triiodothyronine (T3) Thyroxine (T4) T3 and T4 regulate the body’s metabolis,

Thymus Found posterior to the sternum Produces hormones called thymosins Thymosins train and develop T-Lymphocytes during fetal development and childhood T-Lymphocytes protect throughout the lifetime (IMMUNE SYSTEM S/O) Becomes inactive during puberty

Adrenal Glands Found superior (above) kidneys Adrenal Cortex Adrenal Medulla Produces Epinephrine and Norepinephrine “Fight of Flight” Response

IMMUNE SYSTEM

Discuss What is the purpose of the United States Army?

Immune System Immune System – The ‘armor’ that protects the cells of a living organism from Antigens (bacteria and viruses) encountered every day. Bacteria and Viruses – Examples? Protection Attack invaders Prevent Invaders

Immune System – How does it function? How do invaders enter? Skin/Fur – First level of defense How can it be breached? Bodily Openings – Mouth, Nose, etc Protected by saliva and hairs

Immune System – How does it function? Say an invader gets past any surface defenses. What happens now? Assuming that the body finds and recognizes an invader, the body tries to fight the invader Macrophage – “Eats” anything not a part of our body – Nonspecific Immune Response Issues with this? Antibody – A protein that fights antigens – Specific Immune Response

Parts of the Immune System External Examples? Internal Examples?

Immune System What happens if the immune system fails? How does it fail? Is there any warning before the immune system fails?

Immune System - Symptoms Symptoms – Immunological responses to invaders Examples? Are symptoms of different issues the same?

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

Skin, hair, hooves, horns, etc System made almost entirely out of protein Animal skin is called the hide Most animal hides made into leather

Integumentary - Visualized

Integumentary - Function Protection – First line of defense in the IMMUNE SYSTEM Regulates Body Temperature Gives shape and color Protects internal organs

Integumentary – The Bigger Picture First line of defense in the IMMUNE SYSTEM Exocrine glands secrete sweat and oil. These fluids decrease the pH of your skin to kill microorganisms Capillaries (CIRCULATORY SYSTEM) near the surface of the skin open and close to regulate body temperature Sense of Touch is possible because of nerve endings in the skin – NERVOUS SYSTEM