Chapter 19 Review and Discussion

Conquest and Slavery In The New World,

The Eve of Destruction  In 1492 anthropologists estimate there were about 75 million Native Americans in the Western Hemisphere; 25 million in Mexico  By 1650 there are less than 10 million in the hemisphere; 1 million in Mexico!  What happened?

The Rest of the Story…  The Spanish forced the Indians to work for the Spanish on Spanish farms and in mines.  Thousands of the Indians died from over work, lack of food and disease; a small pox epidemic spread across the land.  Many of the Indians were forced to convert to Christianity, which has created a mixture of Spanish and Indian cultures.

The history of Native People in the Latin America… The picture “says” it all! What do you see?

Land Claims in the Americas  By 1675, Spain, France, Britain, and Portugal possessed sizable overseas empires.  Trade ships carried goods between Europe and the Americas and Africa.

COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE… WHAT IS IT?

Columbian Exchange Disease (small pox –the greatest killer) – greatly reduced Amerindian populations (thereby assisting European conquest and accelerating cultural change), while Europeans brought home Amerindian diseases such as syphilis. Europeans (Old World) – introduced bananas and wheat that diversified Amerindian diets, while other crops like sugar cane were intended for cultivation with exploited labor – European horses, cattle, and pigs also affected indian lives – Horses (increased military capacity and hunting efficiency) New World – the Amerindian crops of maize, potatoes, and manioc had a great impact on Old World agriculture – beaver and other fur-bearing animals significantly influenced the exchange between Amerindians and Europeans

Demographic Shifts 16 th and 17 th Century (Shifts were enormous) Americas – Aztecs and Incas were wiped out – Huge cities were depopulated – Europeans moved by hundreds of thousands – Africans were forced to move by the millions Europe – Cities swelled as feudal system evaporated – Urban middle class merchants lined their pockets with the fruits of trade and labor By 1750, continents of the Old and New World were unrecognizable from their 1450 counterparts

Land Claims in the Americas About 1750

colonial societies established in the Americas by Spain and Portugal Society – patterned after their homelands: class-based, hierarchical, and uniformly Catholic. Labor shortage – because of epidemic disease and the resulting labor shortages, the African slave trade became a major factor in colonial society and culture. Catholic Church (richest institution) – Transferred European language, culture, and Christian belief to the New World – Although American Indian religious belief survived beneath the surface of imposed Christianity Economy – Spain- dominated by silver mines of Bolivia and Peru – Brazil- sugar plantation

labor in the Spanish and Portuguese American colonies Encomienda System (sort of like a feudal system) – Established by the Viceroys ( 5 appointed governors) of New Spain – System provided Peninsulares with land and specified number of native labors – In return, natives were supposed to be protected and converted to Christianity Mita (Peru) Rotational labor draft – 1/7 adult American Indian male were drafted for forced labor for 6 months out of the year African Slaves – Portuguese developed the slave labor plantation system in the Atlantic Islands and Brazil – First used American Indian slaves and then more expensive but more productive and more disease resistant African slaves supposedly to reduce the strain on the Natives

Spanish Colonial Society In Spanish America, the mix of diverse people gave rise to a new very strict class system: 1.Peninsulares, people born in Spain, were at the top of society. 2.Creoles, American-born descendents of Spanish settlers, were next. 3.Mestizos were people of Native American and European descent. 4.Mulattoes were people of African and European descent.

Ruling the Spanish Empire 1.Spain closely controlled economic activity, especially trade. 2.The Spanish grew sugar cane, which was grown on plantations and required large numbers of workers. 3.At first, the Spanish forced the Native Americans to work under brutal conditions. 4.Later, the colonists began shipping slaves from Africa to do their work. 1.The Church worked with the government to convert Native Americans to Christianity. 2.Church leaders often served as royal officials. 3.Spanish missionaries forcibly imposed European culture over Native American culture. 1.Spain was determined to maintain strict control over its empire. 2.The empire was divided into five provinces, each of which was ruled by a viceroy. 3.The Council of the Indies helped pass laws for the colonies. THE ECONOMY THE CATHOLIC CHURCH GOVERNMENT In the 1500s, Spain claimed a vast empire stretching from California to South America.

The English and French did not colonize the Americas until almost a century after the Spanish and Portuguese. Why? Civil unrest The French and the English were initially distracted by civil and foreign wars and so lacked the will and resources to seek colonies any sooner In North America in 1754, the French and English battled each other in the French and Indian War. In North America in 1754, the French and English battled each other in the French and Indian War. Also Britain vs. France clashed in a worldwide struggle, known as the Seven Years’ War. Also Britain vs. France clashed in a worldwide struggle, known as the Seven Years’ War.

Treaty of Paris 1763 In , France lost Canada to England and also ceded Louisiana to SpainIn , France lost Canada to England and also ceded Louisiana to Spain

How were the French and English colonies both similar to and different from those of Spain and Portugal? English – favored removal of Native Americans rather than assimilation French – preferred a policy of conversion of native peoples to Christianity. Similarities – All colonizers met native peoples with a mixture of violence and diplomacy. – African slaves were important in much of the Americas. Differences – Rather than controlling American expansion through their central governments, both nations acted through private corporations and individual proprietors. – colonized with larger percentages of Europeans

To slave or not to slave is the question South – Depended on slave labor for economic gains – Agricultural base New England territories – became a commercial and shipping center – Exported grain to the Caribbean and Southern Europe – Slave labor not crucial *environmental factors and geography played a key role in the experience of slaves and the demand for slave labor*