Types of peasant dwellings: Isolated farmsteads:in-field and out-field cultivation Nucleated villages:open-field farming Diet of grain-based products supplemented.

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The Crusades and the Wider World

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Types of peasant dwellings: Isolated farmsteads:in-field and out-field cultivation Nucleated villages:open-field farming Diet of grain-based products supplemented with other foods (pork, fruit, fish, etc.)

Rise in population from 10th-13th c. Improved nutrition Cultivating more land More women surviving to bear children End of attacks from outside Diminishing use of slavery “Agricultural Revolution,” 10th-11th c.

Rise in agricultural productivity from 10th c. on End of attacks from outside Use of three-field system, especially in N. Europe Improved use of animal power Increase in amount of land cultivated “Agricultural Revolution,” 10th-11th c.

Two-field system (600 acres): “Agricultural Revolution,” 10th-11th c. Cultivating 300 acres per year

Three-field system (600 acres): “Agricultural Revolution,” 10th-11th c. Cultivating 400 acres per year

Various reasons suggested: Around castles for protection Around markets and merchant settlements Around bishoprics, monasteries, palaces with royal support (Germany) Mix of commerce, production, centres of learning (Muslim Spain) Growth of Towns, 10th-11th c.

Various reasons suggested: Around markets, with royal support, also around strongholds, religious centres, production centres (eastern Europe) Most cities of about 5,000 people, but others reaching c. 40,000 (London, Bruges, Ghent); 100,000 (Venice, Florence, Genoa, Naples); 200,000 (Constantinople) Growth of Towns, 10th-11th c.

Most towns seeking freedom from servile obligations Town charters usually granting: 1. Freedom of inhabitants 2. Lands and buildings (tenements) held as burgage tenure 3. Security of property from seizure Growth of Towns, 10th-11th c.

Various factors involved: Technological advances in sea-based travel and warfare Prosperous bases on land, enabling effective military action, e.g. conquest of Corsica and Sardinia by Genoese and Pisans, conquest of Sicily by Normans Expansion of Trade from 11th c.

Map Link: Europe and the Byzantine Empire about 1000: < shepherd-c jpgshepherd-c jpg> Map Link: Europe and the Mediterranean Lands about 1097: < europe_mediterranean_1097.jpgeurope_mediterranean_1097.jpg>

Various factors involved: Lack of limitation by Muslims or Byzantines Distances across which traders prepared to travel or send goods Expansion of Trade from 11th c.

Rodrigo (or Ruy) Díaz de Vivar (Al-Sayyid/ El Cid, El Campeador, c ) Member of Castilian nobility, is exiled in 1081 Fights for various Muslim and Christian rulers 1094 Takes Valencia, rules there until death El Cid

El Cantar de mío Cid (“The Song of my Lord”) Earliest manuscript from 14th c., copy of manuscript from 1207 transcribed by Per Abbat