12.1 The Byzantine Empire After the Roman Empire splits, the Eastern Empire, known as Byzantium, flourishes for a thousand years.

A New Rome in a New Setting The Eastern Roman Empire The Eastern Roman Empire Roman Empire officially divides into East and West in 395.Roman Empire officially divides into East and West in 395. Eastern Empire flourishes; becomes known as ByzantiumEastern Empire flourishes; becomes known as Byzantium Capital is ConstantinopleCapital is Constantinople Justinian becomes emperor of Byzantium in 527.Justinian becomes emperor of Byzantium in 527. His armies reconquer much of the former Roman territory.His armies reconquer much of the former Roman territory. Byzantine emperors head state and church, use brutal politicsByzantine emperors head state and church, use brutal politics

Constantinople

Life in the New Rome New Laws for the Empire New Laws for the Empire Justinian seeks to revise and update laws for governing the empireJustinian seeks to revise and update laws for governing the empire Justinian Code—new set of laws consisting of four main partsJustinian Code—new set of laws consisting of four main parts Code regulates much of Byzantine life; lasts for 900 years.Code regulates much of Byzantine life; lasts for 900 years.

Emperor Justinian

Creating the Imperial Capital Creating the Imperial Capital Justinian launches a program to beautify the capital, Constantinople.Justinian launches a program to beautify the capital, Constantinople. Constructs new buildings; builds magnificent church, Hagia Sophia.Constructs new buildings; builds magnificent church, Hagia Sophia. Byzantines preserve Greco-Roman culture and learning.Byzantines preserve Greco-Roman culture and learning.

Hagia Sophia

Constantinople’s Hectic Pace Constantinople’s Hectic Pace City becomes trading hub with major marketplace – largest city in Europe in Middle Ages.City becomes trading hub with major marketplace – largest city in Europe in Middle Ages. Giant Hippodrome offers chariot races and other entertainment.Giant Hippodrome offers chariot races and other entertainment. Racing fans start riots in 532; the government restores order violently.Racing fans start riots in 532; the government restores order violently. Empress Theodora is the powerful wife and adviser to Justinian.Empress Theodora is the powerful wife and adviser to Justinian.

Byzantine Art: Mosaics and Illuminated Manuscripts

Years of Turmoil Years of Turmoil Justinian dies in 565; the empire faces many crises after his death.Justinian dies in 565; the empire faces many crises after his death. Justinian’s conquest left Eastern Roman empire with too much land to protect far from ConstantinopleJustinian’s conquest left Eastern Roman empire with too much land to protect far from Constantinople

The Church Divides A Religious Split A Religious Split Christianity develops differently in Eastern and Western Roman Empires.Christianity develops differently in Eastern and Western Roman Empires. Two churches disagree over many issues, including the use of icons.Two churches disagree over many issues, including the use of icons. In the West, the pope excommunicates the emperor, banishing him from the church over the iconoclast controversy.In the West, the pope excommunicates the emperor, banishing him from the church over the iconoclast controversy.

Pope and patriarch excommunicate each other over religious doctrines and disputes over jurisdiction.Pope and patriarch excommunicate each other over religious doctrines and disputes over jurisdiction. Eastern and Western churches officially split in 1054.Eastern and Western churches officially split in West—Roman Catholic ChurchWest—Roman Catholic Church East—Orthodox ChurchEast—Orthodox Church

Why the Split? Roman Catholic ChurchEastern Orthodox Church Accepted IconsDid not accept icons Some roots in Roman lawSome roots in Greek philosophy Pope has ultimate authorityPope has authority over bishops but not ultimate authority over doctrine Members of the clergy could not marry Allowed members of clergy to marry Emperor oversaw church law

Fall of the Empire Attacks from East and West Attacks from East and West Byzantium faces attacks from many different groups.Byzantium faces attacks from many different groups. Empire survives through bribery, diplomacy, and military power.Empire survives through bribery, diplomacy, and military power. Arab Muslims were the biggest threat to Eastern Roman Empire Arab Muslims were the biggest threat to Eastern Roman Empire Islamic forces defeated an army of Eastern Romans at Yarmuk in 636 & won Syria & Palestine Islamic forces defeated an army of Eastern Romans at Yarmuk in 636 & won Syria & Palestine

679, Bulgars defeated the Eastern Roman empire & took possession of the lower Danube Valley 679, Bulgars defeated the Eastern Roman empire & took possession of the lower Danube Valley 8 th century, Eastern Roman empire was much smaller (Asia minor & eastern Balkans) 8 th century, Eastern Roman empire was much smaller (Asia minor & eastern Balkans) Macedonians ruled the Byzantine Empire from Macedonians ruled the Byzantine Empire from Macedonians expanded the empire Macedonians expanded the empire

Expanded trade relations w/ Western Europe Expanded trade relations w/ Western Europe Late 11 th century = lot of political & social disorder Late 11 th century = lot of political & social disorder Constantinople falls in 1453 to the Ottoman Turks; brings an end to the Byzantine Empire. Constantinople falls in 1453 to the Ottoman Turks; brings an end to the Byzantine Empire. Ottomans rename Constantinople - Istanbul Ottomans rename Constantinople - Istanbul